{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:36:35Z","timestamp":1787499395084,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011779","name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize seasonal variation in the myopic progression of Chinese children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia progression data are presented for a total of 85 Chinese children, aged 6 to 12 years, with baseline myopia of \u22120.75 D to \u22123.50 D sphere and astigmatism \u2264\u22121.50 D, who wore traditional single\u2010vision spectacles in two clinical trials (trial A: n = 37, trial B: n = 48). Refractive error and axial length data were obtained at 6\u2010month intervals using cycloplegic autorefraction and partial coherence interferometry, respectively. Progression rates for right eyes were defined for the first and second 6 months of the studies and classified in terms of \u201csummer,\u201d \u201cautumn,\u201d \u201cwinter,\u201d or \u201cspring\u201d based on the mid\u2010point of the 6\u2010month period between visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean 6\u2010month spherical equivalent progression was \u22120.31 \u00b1 0.25 D for summer, \u22120.40 \u00b1 0.27 D for autumn, \u22120.53 \u00b1 0.29 D for winter, and \u22120.42 \u00b1 0.20 D for spring (p &lt; 0.001). Mean axial elongation was 0.17 \u00b1 0.10 mm for summer, 0.24 \u00b1 0.09 mm for autumn, 0.24 \u00b1 0.09 mm for winter, and 0.15 \u00b1 0.08 mm for spring (p &lt; 0.001). Post hoc analysis indicated that data for summer and winter were different from each other at p &lt; 0.05 for both myopia progression and axial elongation after adjusting for age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myopia progression in summer months was approximately 60% of that seen in winter, and axial elongation was likewise significantly less in summer. It is unclear whether more time spent outdoors in summer vs. winter is a contributing factor, or the difference in progression rates is a result of \u201cseasonal\u201d variations in the intensity or amount of close work performed. These results indicate that studies of potential myopia treatment strategies should be at least 12 months in duration to take seasonal variations into account.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e3182640996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,14]],"date-time":"2012-07-14T03:56:33Z","timestamp":1342238193000},"page":"1196-1202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Myopia Progression in Chinese Children is Slower in Summer Than in Winter"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Leslie","family":"Donovan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmaja","family":"Sankaridurg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varghese","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Earl L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"College of Optometry University of Houston Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Sun Yat\u2010sen University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brien","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brien Holden Vision Institute Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Vision Cooperative Research Centre Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Optometry and Vision Science University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Clinical Management of Myopia","author":"Grosvenor TP","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"2794","article-title":"Myopia and myopic progression among schoolchildren: a three\u2010year follow\u2010 up study","volume":"34","author":"P\u00e4rssinen O","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1118","article-title":"Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia","volume":"48","author":"Jones LA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis 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on social and cultural background of the resistance for China's education reform and academic pressure","volume":"3","author":"Li W","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Ed Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200009000-00007","article-title":"Temporal variations in myopia progression in Singaporean children within an academic year","volume":"77","author":"Tan NW","year":"2000","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence of crystalline lens thinning in children","volume":"36","author":"Zadnik K","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.09.018","article-title":"Dopaminergic agents affect the ability of brief periods of normal vision to prevent form\u2010deprivation myopia","volume":"84","author":"McCarthy CS","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820b0385","article-title":"Blood levels of vitamin D in teens and young adults with myopia","volume":"88","author":"Mutti DO","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Optometry and Vision 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