{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:15:00Z","timestamp":1789186500589,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate symptom patterns and evaluate the relationship between patient characteristics and symptom severity before and after treatment for symptomatic children with convergence insufficiency (CI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a randomized clinical trial, the convergence insufficiency symptom survey was administered pre\u2010 and posttreatment to 221 children aged 9 to &lt;18 years with symptomatic CI. Frequency of symptom type was determined at baseline, mean change in performance\u2010related vs. eye\u2010related symptoms for treatment responders was compared, and the relationship between patient characteristics and symptom severity at baseline for the entire cohort and after treatment for those who responded to treatment was determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, the score for performance\u2010related symptoms was greater than that for eye\u2010related symptoms (mean response of 2.3 vs. 1.8, p &lt; 0.001) regardless of age, sex, race\/ethnicity, or presence of parent\u2010reported Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Symptom severity increased with age for both the overall and eye\u2010related subscale scores (p = 0.048, p = 0.022, respectively). Children with parent\u2010reported ADHD were more symptomatic (p = 0.005) than those without parent\u2010reported ADHD because of a higher performance\u2010related score (p &lt; 0.001). A significant and equal improvement (p &lt; 0.01) for the performance\u2010 and eye\u2010related symptoms was found in treatment responders. Girls had significantly lower performance\u2010related symptoms than boys (p = 0.014), and black children reported less eye\u2010related symptoms than white children (p = 0.022). Children without parent\u2010reported ADHD had significantly less symptoms overall and less eye\u2010related symptoms than children with parent\u2010reported ADHD (p = 0.019, p = 0.011, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions.<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because of a high frequency of both performance\u2010 and eye\u2010related symptoms, clinicians should perform a targeted history that addresses both types of symptoms to help identify children with symptomatic CI. Future study regarding the relationship of CI and symptoms and their potential influence on ADHD, reading performance, and attention is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318269c8f9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,24]],"date-time":"2012-08-24T03:34:48Z","timestamp":1345779288000},"page":"1512-1520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Symptoms in Children with Convergence Insufficiency"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Barnhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California College of Optometry Fullerton California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California College of Optometry Fullerton California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Lynn","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Optometry Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Scheiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University Philadelphia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjean T.","family":"Kulp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Optometry Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197901000-00004","article-title":"The relationship between convergence insufficiency and school achievement","volume":"56","author":"Letourneau JE","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among elementary school children","volume":"50","author":"Letourneau J","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can J Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199702000-00023","article-title":"Prevalence of general binocular dysfunctions in a population of university students","volume":"74","author":"Porcar E","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199909000-00022","article-title":"Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. 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