{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T12:11:22Z","timestamp":1774959082488,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In affluent societies, distance and near vision problems are typically corrected with custom\u2010made eyeglasses. Many persons in less affluent areas do not have the resources for such. The purpose of this study was to assess the use of less expensive ready\u2010made (RM) bifocals and readers to correct distance and near refractive error and presbyopia in an outreach clinic in Nicaragua.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective review of records of all patients older than 34 years who presented for an eye examination in an outreach clinic in Granada, Nicaragua, in 2010. A visual satisfaction questionnaire had been administered to patients before they were examined and after RM plus sphere bifocals or plus sphere reading spectacles were dispensed. The main outcome measures included pre\u2013 and post\u2013distance and near visual acuities, vision satisfaction and difficulty ratings, and perceived cost and willingness to pay for replacement rating.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ready\u2010made plus sphere spectacles (bifocals or single\u2010vision readers) were dispensed to 95.4% of those examined. The remaining 4.6% required custom prescriptions because of astigmatism, myopia, or anisometropia. The RM bifocals were very well accepted, with high visual satisfaction ratings with the bifocals improving from a presenting value of 11 to 89.4% at distance and from 6.6 to 89.4% at near. Percentage of patients achieving visual acuity of 20\/40 or better improved from 60 to 84.5% at distance and from 44 to 97% at near. Percentage achieving functionally good near vision (20\/40 or better) improved from 38 to 97% with RM readers. Patients reporting highest satisfaction with near vision improved from 6.3 to 86.6%. Patients indicated that, on average, they would be willing to pay US$18.39 to replace the bifocals and US$16.67 to replace the readers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ready\u2010made bifocals and RM single\u2010vision readers may be an acceptable and affordable alternative for many patients with hyperopia and\/or presbyopia where access to custom\u2010made eyeglasses is difficult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e31828dedf6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,12]],"date-time":"2013-04-12T05:45:39Z","timestamp":1365745539000},"page":"494-500","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Use of Ready\u2010Made Spectacles to Meet Visual Needs in a Low\u2010Resource Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Larry Allen","family":"Hookway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Southeastern College of Optometry Fort Lauderdale Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patti","family":"Fuhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blind Rehabilitation Center Birmingham VA Medical Center Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Refractive error blindness","volume":"79","author":"Dandona R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210","article-title":"Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004","volume":"86","author":"Resnikoff S","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2010.00455.x","article-title":"The challenge of uncorrected refractive error: driving the agenda of the Durban Declaration on refractive error and service development","volume":"93","author":"Naidoo KS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/114.3.210","article-title":"WHO launches Vision 2020 to combat avoidable blindness","volume":"114","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1999","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Blindness: Vision 2020\u2014Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness. 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