{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:11:44Z","timestamp":1791353504102,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study, by a new, integrated, laser scanning confocal microscopy approach, the ocular surface morpho\u2010functional unit in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (SSI), non\u2013Sjogren syndrome dry eye (non\u2010SSDE), and meibomian gland disease (MGD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients and age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched control subjects (N = 60; 15 each) were consecutively enrolled in a prospective case\u2010control study. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to obtain simultaneous optical sampling of the ocular surface components: cornea, bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva, MGs, and eyelid margin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For all superficial epithelia, except eyelid margins, there were reduced cell densities in each group compared with that in controls (p &lt; 0.001). The lowest cell densities were in the SSI group (p &lt; 0.001). Eyelid margin superficial cell density was decreased only in MGD (p &lt; 0.001). Basal epithelial cell density at the corneal apex was increased in both SSI and non\u2010SSDE compared with that in controls (p &lt; 0.01). In the conjunctiva, it was decreased in each group compared with that in controls (p &lt; 0.01). Subbasal dendritic cell density was significantly increased in both SSI and MGD compared with that in controls (p &lt; 0.01). Conjunctival inflammatory cell density and MG inflammation were increased in each group compared with those in controls (p &lt; 0.001), with the highest values in SSI. Subbasal nerve plexi had fewer fibers and higher bead density in each group compared with those in controls (p &lt; 0.001). There was increased tortuosity in both SSI and MGD (p &lt; 0.001). Patients with MGD had the lowest MG acinar density, the largest diameter of acini and acinar orifices, and the highest secretion reflectivity (p &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Laser scanning confocal microscopy can provide an\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , noninvasive, high\u2010resolution overview of the ocular surface morpho\u2010funcional unit. This confocal integrated approach may be useful in both research and clinical settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318294c184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,11]],"date-time":"2013-05-11T08:43:15Z","timestamp":1368261795000},"page":"576-586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["<i>In Vivo<\/i>\n                    Confocal Evaluation of the Ocular Surface Morpho\u2010Functional Unit in Dry Eye"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Villani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"},{"name":"UO Oculistica Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"},{"name":"University Eye Clinic San Giuseppe Hospital Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Magnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"},{"name":"UO Oculistica Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"},{"name":"UO Oculistica Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Santaniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"},{"name":"UO Oculistica Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"},{"name":"Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Scorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ratiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"},{"name":"UO Oculistica Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70081-2","article-title":"The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)","volume":"5","author":"Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"862","article-title":"Tear cytokine and chemokine analysis and clinical correlations in evaporative\u2010type dry eye disease","volume":"16","author":"Enr\u00edquez\u2010de\u2010Salamanca A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.12.010","article-title":"Anatomy of the human corneal innervation","volume":"90","author":"Marfurt CF","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1129","article-title":"The cornea in Sjogren's syndrome: an in vivo confocal study","volume":"48","author":"Villani E","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2012.711416","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy in dry eye disease and related conditions","volume":"27","author":"Alhatem A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2010.518542","article-title":"In vivo imaging of corneal inflammation: new tools for clinical practice and research","volume":"25","author":"Mantopoulos D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VillaniE GalimbertiD Del PapaN NucciP RatigliaR. 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