{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:03:46Z","timestamp":1774955026279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["OVS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of ocular morbidity and refractive error among the children of the squatter settlements in Kathmandu.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross\u2010sectional study was carried out at five squatter settlement areas at Kathmandu, including 366 children younger than 16 years. Detailed eye examination included the visual acuity testing, cycloplegic refraction, binocular vision assessment, anterior segment examination, and posterior segment examination. Variations in age, sex, and ethnic distribution of the study population were analyzed through analysis of variance. Pearson\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test with Yate correction was used to analyze different types of ocular morbidity. Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed to correlate refractive error in the right eye and the left eye.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Majority of children (28.9%) belonged to the age group 8 to 10 years, and most of them belonged to the Manohara settlement area (40.2%). Male\u2010female ratio was 0.7. Uncorrected and best\u2010corrected visual acuity of better than or equal to 6\/9 in at least one eye was found in 87.9% and 99.0% children, respectively. Total ocular morbidity was observed in 33.7%. The common type of ocular morbidity was conjunctivitis (11.2%), refractive error (9.0%), and blepharitis (5.4%). Ocular morbidity was common in infants (57.9%; p = 0.043; odds ratio, 2.8) and 14\u2010 to 15\u2010year\u2010old children (52.8%; p = 0.002; odds ratio, 2.5).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular infection and refractive error represent the common ocular morbidity in children living in squatter settlements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e31829d8e51","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T09:53:25Z","timestamp":1375437205000},"page":"1012-1018","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ocular Morbidity among the Children of Squatter Settlements in Kathmandu"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Gauri Shankar","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"B. P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies Maharajgunj Medical Campus Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarita","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechi Eye Care Centre Anarmani, Jhapa Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niraj Dev","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B. P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies Maharajgunj Medical Campus Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeevan Kumar","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B. P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies Maharajgunj Medical Campus Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Urban Dabali\u2013Project initiated by CIUD [Centre for Integrated Urban Development].Report on Squatter and Slum Settlements in Kathmandu; February 2008. Available at:http:\/\/www.ciud.org.np\/urban\u2010dabali\/index.php?q=content\/report\u2010squatter\u2010and\u2010slum\u2010settlements\u2010kathmandu. Accessed September 21 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"SrinivasH.Urban Squatters and Slums: Defining Squatter Settlements. Available at:http:\/\/www.gdrc.org\/uem\/squatters\/define\u2010squatter.html. Accessed September 21 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"NGO Forum for Urban Water and Sanitation.What Is a Slum? 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