{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:27:09Z","timestamp":1785374829311,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/pap.0b013e3180ca8a89","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,25]],"date-time":"2007-06-25T10:19:22Z","timestamp":1182766762000},"page":"286-296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Neuroendocrine Lesions of the Genitourinary Tract"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Samson W.","family":"Fine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19890915)64:6<1347::AID-CNCR2820640629>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic, morphometric, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of 18 cases","volume":"64","author":"Blomjous","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R2-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67320-8","article-title":"Primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder: a report of 25 cases","volume":"153","author":"Holmang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R3-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000162085.20043.1f","article-title":"Radical cystectomy from primary neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder: the University of Southern California experience","volume":"174","author":"Quek","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R4-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920115)69:2<527::AID-CNCR2820690241>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 22 cases","volume":"69","author":"Grignon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R5-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000052417","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: presentation of 23 cases and review of 134 published cases","volume":"39","author":"Trias","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"R6-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67569-1","article-title":"Small cell lung cancer","volume":"366","author":"Jackman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R7-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20903","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: the Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"103","author":"Choong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R8-3-20210202","first-page":"126","article-title":"Bladder Biopsy Interpretation","author":"Epstein","year":"2004"},{"key":"R9-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198708000-00004","article-title":"Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a light-microscopic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural study of 12 cases","volume":"11","author":"Mills","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R10-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(98)90045-0","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder","volume":"32","author":"Swanson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R11-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2004.01980.x","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary clinicopathological study of 51 cases","volume":"46","author":"Abrahams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"R12-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37800-X","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the genitourinary tract: an immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and clinicopathological study","volume":"146","author":"Christopher","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R13-3-20210202","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Primary, pure, large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"11","author":"Hailemariam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"R14-3-20210202","first-page":"5","article-title":"Thyroid transcription factor-1: immunohistochemical evaluation in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"12","author":"Folpe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"R15-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200009000-00004","article-title":"Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 immunostaining in distinguishing small cell lung carcinomas from other small cell carcinomas","volume":"24","author":"Ordonez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R16-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20456","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic analysis of 64 patients","volume":"101","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R17-3-20210202","first-page":"156A","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic study of 55 cases","volume":"18","author":"Olgac","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"R18-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880044","article-title":"Thyroid transcription factor-1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"13","author":"Agoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"R19-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000132413.85866.fc","article-title":"Evidence supporting preoperative chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective review of the M.D. Anderson Cancer experience","volume":"172","author":"Siefker-Radtke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R20-3-20210202","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"5","author":"Angulo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Urol Pathol"},{"key":"R21-3-20210202","first-page":"26","article-title":"A retrospective immunohistochemical and clinicopathological study of small cell carcinomas of the urinary tract","volume":"26","author":"Chuang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"key":"R22-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.5858\/2002-126-1229-PLCNCO","article-title":"Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"126","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R23-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199805000-00058","article-title":"Genitourinary small cell carcinoma: determination of clinical and therapeutic factors associated with survival","volume":"159","author":"Mackey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R24-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11199","article-title":"Therapy and outcomes of small cell carcinoma of the kidney: report of two cases and a systematic review of the literature","volume":"97","author":"Majhail","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R25-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2003.04893.x","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the bladder","volume":"94","author":"Sved","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"R26-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900501)65:9<1928::AID-CNCR2820650910>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Advanced small cell carcinoma of the bladder: successful treatment with combined radical cystoprostatectomy and adjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin chemotherapy","volume":"65","author":"Oesterling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R27-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1159\/000019870","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy: results in five cases","volume":"35","author":"Bastus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"R28-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.09.049","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of bladder: a single-center prospective study of 25 cases treated in analogy to small cell lung cancer","volume":"65","author":"Bex","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R29-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80290-8","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the bladder and prostate","volume":"46","author":"Abbas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R30-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196905)23:5<1110::AID-CNCR2820230515>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"23","author":"Albores-Saavedra","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R31-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1971)28:4<1063::AID-CNCR2820280433>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder","volume":"28","author":"Leestma","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R32-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(83)90116-4","article-title":"Primary vesical pheochromocytoma","volume":"21","author":"Das","year":"1983","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R33-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(86)80196-0","article-title":"Urinary bladder paraganglioma","volume":"181","author":"Davaris","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"R34-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(91)90271-P","article-title":"Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric studies","volume":"22","author":"Grignon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R35-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200401000-00011","article-title":"Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: a lesion that may be misdiagnosed as urothelial carcinoma in transurethral resection specimens","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R36-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195307022490106","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"249","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1953","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R37-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)65772-0","article-title":"Pheochromocytoma of the urinary bladder","volume":"83","author":"Scott","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R38-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199404000-00009","article-title":"Paraganglia of the prostate: location, frequency, and differentiation from prostatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Ostrowski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R39-3-20210202","first-page":"465","article-title":"Paraganglia of the urinary bladder: an autopsy study","volume":"139","author":"Honma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zentralbl Pathol"},{"key":"R40-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000215)88:4<844::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: can biologic potential be predicted?","volume":"88","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R41-3-20210202","first-page":"199","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the bladder: a case report","volume":"104","author":"Colby","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R42-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1992.tb15508.x","article-title":"Primary carcinoid of the bladder","volume":"69","author":"Burgess","year":"1992","journal-title":"BJU"},{"key":"R43-3-20210202","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor of the bladder","volume":"116","author":"Walker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R44-3-20210202","first-page":"666","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor of the bladder arising beneath an inverted papilloma","volume":"118","author":"Stanfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R45-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-e22-CTOTU","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the urinary bladder: immunohistochemical study of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"127","author":"Martignoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R46-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-5-88","article-title":"Calcitonin-producing well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) of the urinary bladder: case report","volume":"5","author":"Mascolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"R47-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01888130","article-title":"Gelbe (baselgekornte) Zellen in der Schienhaut einer ekstrophierten Harublase","volume":"300","author":"Hoffman","year":"1937","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat"},{"key":"R48-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02890370","article-title":"Endocrine cells in the prostate gland, urothelium, and Brenner tumors","volume":"42","author":"Fetisoff","year":"1983","journal-title":"Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol"},{"key":"R49-3-20210202","first-page":"855","article-title":"Primary renal carcinoid: case report and literature review","volume":"117","author":"Goldblum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R50-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3109\/01913129109023195","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the kidney with morphologic and immunohistochemical profile of a hindgut endocrine tumor: report of a case","volume":"15","author":"Huettner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol"},{"key":"R51-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-1693-CTOTUT","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the urinary tract and prostate","volume":"130","author":"Murali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R52-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.07.129","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumors of the kidney","volume":"176","author":"Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R53-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19931101)72:9<2660::AID-CNCR2820720923>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Primary carcinoid of the kidney: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of five patients","volume":"72","author":"Raslan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R54-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-1439(99)00050-2","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the kidney: the use of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in diagnosis and management","volume":"5","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"R55-3-20210202","first-page":"68","article-title":"Primary renal carcinoid","volume":"114","author":"Unger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R56-3-20210202","first-page":"269","article-title":"Renal carcinoid: a tumor of probable hindgut neuroendocrine phenotype","volume":"1","author":"Begin","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol Pathol"},{"key":"R57-3-20210202","first-page":"129","article-title":"Primary carcinoid of the kidney","volume":"25","author":"Masera","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"R58-3-20210202","first-page":"150A","article-title":"Renal carcinoid tumor: a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases","volume":"20","author":"Hansel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"R59-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/0031302031000152900","article-title":"Primary atypical carcinoid of the kidney: a classification is needed","volume":"35","author":"Quinchon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"R60-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.5858\/2002-126-0979-PCTAIA","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor arising in a mature teratoma of the kidney: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"126","author":"Yoo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R61-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-2-1","article-title":"Primary renal carcinoid natural history of the disease for ten years: case report","volume":"2","author":"Gunes","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Urology"},{"key":"R62-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9098(199806)68:2<113::AID-JSO8>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Renal carcinoid and horseshoe kidney: a frequent association of two rare entities: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Begin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"R63-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.3.433","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor in a mature teratoma of the kidney: ultrasonographic and computed tomographic findings","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"R64-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197610)38:4<1636::AID-CNCR2820380432>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor arising in cystic teratoma of the kidney","volume":"38","author":"Kojiro","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R65-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64674-3","article-title":"Horseshoe kidney is associated with an increased relative risk of primary renal carcinoid tumor","volume":"157","author":"Krishnan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R66-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.03.029","article-title":"Rare case of carcinoid tumor arising within teratoma in kidney","volume":"66","author":"Kurzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R67-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.2003.01469.x","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor in a polycystic kidney","volume":"53","author":"Shibata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"R68-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(99)80090-9","article-title":"Searching for an intrinsic neuroendocrine cell in the kidney: an immunohistochemical study of the fetal, infantile, and adult kidney","volume":"195","author":"Guy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"R69-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58191-4","article-title":"Carcinoid tumors of the testis","volume":"118","author":"Berdjis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R70-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1726::AID-CNCR2820720536>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor of testis: immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric study of three cases and a review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Zavala-Pompa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R71-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.2003.01535.x","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor of the testis: immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and FISH analysis with review of the literature","volume":"53","author":"Kato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"R72-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197812)42:6<2696::AID-CNCR2820420626>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor of the testis: case report, ultrastructure, and review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Talerman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R73-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1309\/DYUGBG911VCDLBQA","article-title":"Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumor) of the testis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of ten cases","volume":"120","author":"Reyes","year":"2993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R74-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1984)54:4<709::AID-CNCR2820540419>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Metastatic carcinoma involving the testis: clinical and pathologic distinction from primary testicular neoplasms","volume":"54","author":"Haupt","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R75-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)65892-0","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the testis occurring in a cystic teratoma of the testis","volume":"82","author":"Berkheiser","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R76-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)67688-2","article-title":"Argentaffin tumor (carcinoid) occurring in a benign cystic teratoma of the testicle","volume":"72","author":"Simon","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R77-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197508)36:2<404::AID-CNCR2820360216>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Insular carcinoid primary in the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 48 cases","volume":"36","author":"Robboy","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R79-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000209831.24230.56","article-title":"Spontaneous regression of testicular germ cell tumors: an analysis of 42 cases","volume":"30","author":"Balzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R80-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.022541","article-title":"Pure testicular carcinoid associated with intratubular germ cell neoplasia","volume":"58","author":"Merino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R81-3-20210202","first-page":"297","article-title":"Carcinoid tumor of the testis","volume":"121","author":"Ulbright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R82-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02655955","article-title":"Zur frage der endocrinie der menschlichen versteherdruse","volume":"312","author":"Pretl","year":"1944","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"R83-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711040406","article-title":"Argentaffin cells in prostatic carcinoma: differentiation from lipofuscin and melanin in prostatic epithelium","volume":"104","author":"Azzopardi","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"R84-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920701)70:1+<254::AID-CNCR2820701312>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in carcinoma of the prostate: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications","volume":"70","author":"di Sant'Agnese","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R85-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/17.5.303","article-title":"The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells of the APUD series and the embryologic, physiologic, and pathologic implications of the concept","volume":"17","author":"Pearse","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"R86-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(94)90169-4","article-title":"Multidirectional differentiation in the normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate: simultaneous demonstration of cell-specific epithelial markers","volume":"25","author":"Bonkhoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R87-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910620304","article-title":"The prognostic influence of neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer: results of a long-term follow-up study of patients treated by radical prostatectomy","volume":"62","author":"Noordzij","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R88-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1993.tb00389.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine cells in the human prostate gland","volume":"14","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"R89-3-20210202","first-page":"607","article-title":"Human prostatic endocrine-paracrine (APUD) cells: distributional analysis with a comparison of serotonin and neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity and silver stains","volume":"109","author":"di Sant'Agnese","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R90-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19990501)39:2<135::AID-PROS9>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"R91-3-20210202","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation and prostatic carcinoma: the concept \u201ccomes of age.\u201d","volume":"112","author":"di Sant'Agnese","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R92-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(89)80016-0","article-title":"The course of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study testing chromogranin A as an \u201cendocrine marker.\u201d","volume":"185","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"R93-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1991.tb15318.x","article-title":"Neuro-endocrine cells: new prognostic parameter in prostate cancer","volume":"68","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"R94-3-20210202","first-page":"529","article-title":"Progress in Clinical and Biological Medicine","author":"Dauge","year":"1986"},{"key":"R95-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90398-6","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: enhanced prediction of progression after radical prostatectomy","volume":"27","author":"Weinstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R96-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(1998)8+<37::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Prognostic significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in clinically localized prostatic carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prostate (Suppl)"},{"key":"R97-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35121-2","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"151","author":"Aprikian","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R98-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.00300.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation and prognosis in prostatic adenocarcinomas","volume":"80","author":"McWilliam","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"R99-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930615)71:12<3952::AID-CNCR2820711226>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Characterization of neuroendocrine differentiation in human benign prostate and prostatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Aprikian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R100-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01606893","article-title":"Androgen receptor status in endocrine-paracrine cell types of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate","volume":"423","author":"Bonkhoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol"},{"key":"R101-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00268938","article-title":"Do neuroendocrine cells in human prostate cancer express androgen receptor","volume":"100","author":"Krijnen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"R102-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20434","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of neuroendocrine cells in prostate cancer","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"R103-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199707000-00054","article-title":"The prognostic value of neuroendocrine differentiation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate in relation to progression of disease after endocrine therapy","volume":"158","author":"Krijnen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R104-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62909-4","article-title":"Focal neuroendocrine differentiation lacks prognostic significance in prostate core needle biopsies","volume":"160","author":"Casella","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R105-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/12.suppl_2.S141","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostate cancer: morphogenesis, proliferation, and androgen receptor status","volume":"12","author":"Bonkhoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"R106-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199201000-00009","article-title":"Paneth cell-like change of the prostate gland: a histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic study","volume":"16","author":"Weaver","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R107-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200608000-00008","article-title":"Prognostic significance of Paneth cell-like neuroendocrine differentiation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate","volume":"30","author":"Tamas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R108-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(84)80246-4","article-title":"Endocrine-paracrine cells of the prostate and prostatic urethra","volume":"15","author":"di Sant'Agnese","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R109-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850201)55:3<608::AID-CNCR2820550322>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Argyrophilic prostatic carcinoma: case report with literature review on prostatic carcinoid and \u201ccarcinoid-like\u201d prostatic carcinoma","volume":"55","author":"Almagro","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R110-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/76.1.94","article-title":"Diagnosis of carcinoid-like metastatic prostatic carcinoma by an immunoperoxidase method","volume":"76","author":"Ansari","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R111-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198407000-00007","article-title":"Primary prostatic carcinoid tumor with intracytoplasmic prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen","volume":"8","author":"Azumi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R112-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840915)54:6<1043::AID-CNCR2820540619>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Prostatic adenocarcinoma with carcinoidal features producing adrenocorticotropic syndrome: immunohistochemical study and review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"Ghali","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R113-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/106689690401200214","article-title":"Primary carcinoid tumor of the prostate with concurrent adenocarcinoma: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R114-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65024-0","article-title":"Metastatic carcinoid tumor of the prostate","volume":"167","author":"Tash","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R115-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199108000-00009","article-title":"Prostatic acid phosphatase in carcinoid tumors: immunohistochemical and immunoblot studies","volume":"15","author":"Azumi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R116-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19860701)58:1<136::AID-CNCR2820580124>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Prostatic acid phosphatase activity in carcinoid tumors","volume":"58","author":"Sobin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R117-3-20210202","first-page":"182A","article-title":"The distinction between pure carcinoid tumor and carcinoid-like adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland","volume":"15","author":"Srigley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"R118-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.7.750","article-title":"Prostatic adenocarcinoma evolving into carcinoid: selective effect of hormonal treatment?","volume":"39","author":"Stratton","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R119-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(79)90435-7","article-title":"Primary carcinoid of the prostate","volume":"8","author":"Wasserstein","year":"1979","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R120-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.5858\/2004-128-e166-LNCCTO","article-title":"Low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) of the prostate","volume":"128","author":"Reyes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R121-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67648-1","article-title":"Primary carcinoid of the prostate in conjunction with multiple endocrine neoplasia IIb in a child","volume":"153","author":"Whelan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R122-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197708)40:2<773::AID-CNCR2820400226>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Ectopic ACTH, prostatic oat cell carcinoma, and marked hypernatremia","volume":"40","author":"Wenk","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R123-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9209","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2442","article-title":"Androgen-independent prostate cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases: lessons from a rapid autopsy program","volume":"64","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"R124-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970501)79:9<1729::AID-CNCR14>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma","volume":"79","author":"Galanis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R125-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43524-5","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with prostatic carcinoma","volume":"138","author":"Matzkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R126-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200606000-00003","article-title":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathologic summary of 7 cases of a rare manifestation of advanced prostate cancer","volume":"30","author":"Evans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R127-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870515)59:10<1803::AID-CNCR2820591019>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. I. A clinicopathologic study of 20 cases","volume":"59","author":"Tetu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R128-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199106000-00003","article-title":"Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: an ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 35 cases","volume":"15","author":"Travis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R129-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000173646.99337.b1","article-title":"The 2005 International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Epstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R130-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870301)59:5<977::AID-CNCR2820590521>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate. II. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of 18 cases","volume":"59","author":"Ro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R131-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200606000-00005","article-title":"Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"30","author":"Yao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R132-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840601)53:11<2478::AID-CNCR2820531119>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"The histogenesis of small cell carcinoma of the prostate: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"53","author":"Schron","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R133-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37427-X","article-title":"Chemotherapy for small cell carcinoma of prostatic origin","volume":"147","author":"Amato","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R134-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-199708000-00011","article-title":"Small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the prostate: seven new cases, review of the literature, and discussion of a therapeutic strategy","volume":"20","author":"Rubinstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R135-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.12.065","article-title":"Results of a phase II study with doxorubicin, etoposide, and cisplatin in patients with fully characterized small-cell carcinoma of the prostate","volume":"20","author":"Papandreou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R136-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2003.12.021","article-title":"Targeted molecules in small cell lung cancer","volume":"31","author":"Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"R137-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S0041-87812001000500005","article-title":"Prostate carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation: case report and literature review","volume":"56","author":"Fernandes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo"},{"key":"R138-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(85)90297-3","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in carcinoma of the prostate: its cure by orchiectomy","volume":"25","author":"Patel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R139-3-20210202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-1074-RPCPAO","article-title":"Recurrent prostate carcinoma presenting as omental large cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation and resulting in bowel obstruction","volume":"124","author":"Wynn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"}],"container-title":["Advances in Anatomic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3180ca8a89","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T09:07:56Z","timestamp":1707988076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00125480-200707000-00003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pap.0b013e3180ca8a89","relation":{},"ISSN":["1072-4109"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1072-4109","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,7]]}}}