{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:20:21Z","timestamp":1767918021754,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"\n Cystoisospora belli<\/jats:italic>, previously known as Isospora belli<\/jats:italic>, is an obligate intracellular coccidian parasite that is most often associated with gastrointestinal disease in immunocompromised patients. In this study, we detail the clinicopathologic features of 18 cases of Cystoisospora<\/jats:italic> infection affecting the gallbladder in immunocompetent individuals and compare them with a control group. Each case was reviewed for cholecystitis (none, acute, chronic), epithelial disarray, presence of intraepithelial lymphocytes (none, rare [\u22645 per 20 epithelial cells], present [>5 per 20 epithelial cells]), architectural distortion, intramucosal eosinophilia, and mural thickening\/serositis. The mean age of patients with Cystoisospora<\/jats:italic> infection was 33 years and the male to female ratio 1:4.3. Cholecystectomy was performed for biliary dyskinesia (n=7), abdominal pain (n=7), suspected cholelithiasis (n=5), and cholecystitis (n=3). In 2 cases, Cystoisospora<\/jats:italic> was found in donor gallbladders resected at the time of liver transplantation. Each case was characterized by eosinophilic, oval or banana-shaped intraepithelial parasites within perinuclear parasitophorous vacuoles. Most cases showed epithelial disarray and minimal intraepithelial lymphocytosis. Of the 11 cases with an average follow-up of 15 months, none had evidence of disease related to Cystoisospora<\/jats:italic> infection within the biliary tract or elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. We present the largest series of gallbladder cystoisosporiasis in immunocompetent patients to date. Cystoisospora<\/jats:italic> infection is underrecognized in the gallbladders of immunocompetent patients, in part due to the subtle findings in routine cholecystectomy specimens. On the basis of the clinical follow-up, gallbladder cystoisosporiasis in immunocompetent individuals appears to be a self-limited infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/pas.0000000000000660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1463053174000},"page":"1070-1074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cystoisospora belli Infection of the Gallbladder in Immunocompetent Patients"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Keith K.","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Goyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hernandez-Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kennon A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Wright State University, Dayton"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Tuohy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary W.","family":"Procop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura W.","family":"Lamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepa T.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Robert J. 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