{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T19:47:17Z","timestamp":1793994437351,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Benign cysts of the thoracic cavity represent a group of rare lesions, the spectrum of which is expanding. Most of these are congenital in nature, secondary to abnormal development during embryogenesis while a smaller subset represents acquired lesions. We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 136 patients with thoracic cysts that were treated in our institution over a span of 20 years. The patients were 85 female and 51 male patients with an average age of 51 years. Eighty-four of the patients were asymptomatic (62%), the remainder mainly presented with chest pain, shortness of breath, or cough. Surgical resection was performed in 123 patients while 12 patients were treated with aspiration only and 1 underwent core biopsy. The cyst size ranged from 0.5 to 14.8\u00a0cm (mean, 4.4\u00a0cm); histologically, the lesions included 50 thymic cysts (28 multilocular; 22 unilocular), 37 bronchogenic cysts, 23 pleuropericardial cysts, 12 unclassified cysts, 6 M\u00fcllerian cysts, 5 enteric cysts, and 3 parathyroid cysts. Clinical follow-up revealed that 97 patients were alive and well 4 months to 37 years after initial diagnosis; 25 patients were lost to follow-up and 14 patients died of unrelated causes. The current study is one of the largest studies on the subject with emphasis on clinicopathologic characteristics. This series has a higher incidence of thymic cysts compared with prior publications and covers a wider spectrum of different histologic types than previously reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/pas.0000000000002115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T14:05:03Z","timestamp":1693317903000},"page":"1349-1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Non-Neoplastic Thoracic Cysts"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Annikka","family":"Weissferdt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)62059-0","article-title":"Primary cysts and neoplasms of the mediastinum: recent changes in clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, management, and results","volume":"44","author":"Davis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R2-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.125","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of mediastinal cysts","volume":"124","author":"Takeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R3-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.28.4.424","article-title":"Cystic intrathoracic derivatives of the foregut and their complications","volume":"28","author":"Kirwan","year":"1973","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"R4-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.44.4.416","article-title":"Mediastinal cysts: a clinicopathologic study of twenty cases","volume":"44","author":"Pachter","year":"1963","journal-title":"Dis Chest"},{"key":"R5-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196606000-00012","article-title":"Congenital cysts of the mediastinum: 20-year experience with 42 cases","volume":"163","author":"Ochsner","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R6-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)38547-2","article-title":"Foregut cysts of the mediastinum. Results in 20 consecutive surgically treated cases","volume":"90","author":"Sirivella","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"R7-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-004-1087-0","article-title":"Ciliated cyst of probable mullerian origin arising in the posterior mediastinum","volume":"446","author":"Hattori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"R8-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2005.05.004","article-title":"Multilocular thymic cyst associated with follicular hyperplasia: clinicopathologic study of 4 resected cases","volume":"36","author":"Izumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R9-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(91)90131-8","article-title":"Multilocular thymic cysts with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia","volume":"22","author":"Suster","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R10-20250608","first-page":"136","article-title":"Benign developmental cysts of the mediastinum","volume":"101","author":"Salyer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R12-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-5588(20)31588-9","article-title":"Pericardial celomic cysts and pericardial diverticula; a concept of etiology and report of cases","volume":"20","author":"Lillie","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R13-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3388","article-title":"High prevalence of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in mediastinal cysts situated in the posterior mediastinum","volume":"128","author":"Hattori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R14-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3181e3640a","article-title":"Pathogenesis of mediastinal paravertebral m\u00fcllerian cysts of Hattori: developmental endosalpingiosis-m\u00fcllerianosis","volume":"29","author":"Batt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"R15-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199104000-00008","article-title":"Multilocular thymic cyst: an acquired reactive process. Study of 18 cases","volume":"15","author":"Suster","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R16-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.177.4.1770881","article-title":"Idiopathic multilocular thymic cyst: CT features with clinical and histopathologic correlation","volume":"177","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R17-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.140.1.31","article-title":"The value of computed tomography in myasthenia gravis","volume":"140","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R18-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-6111(91)90139-M","article-title":"Thymic cyst secondary to cervical irradiation: a complication of treated laryngeal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Shapiro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph"},{"key":"R19-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000261","article-title":"Non-neoplastic mediastinal cysts","volume":"27","author":"Syred","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Anat Pathol"},{"key":"R21-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.154121","article-title":"Unilocular thymic cyst with features of intra-thymic bronchogenic cyst: a clinicopathological correlation of 4 cases","volume":"238","author":"Nair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"R22-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-018-0809-3","article-title":"Intra-thymic bronchogenic cyst an extremely rare tumor of anterior mediastinum in adults","volume":"13","author":"Hamouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"R23-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31821c7402","article-title":"Thymic carcinoma associated with multilocular thymic cyst: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases","volume":"35","author":"Weissferdt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R24-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2004.01767.x","article-title":"Carcinomas arising in multilocular thymic cysts of the neck: a clinicopathological study of three cases","volume":"44","author":"Moran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"R25-20250608","first-page":"800","article-title":"Mediastinal yolk sac tumors associated with prominent multilocular cystic changes of thymic epithelium: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases","volume":"10","author":"Moran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"R26-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00524-1","article-title":"Papillary adenocarcinoma in a thymic cyst: a pitfall of thoracoscopic excision","volume":"76","author":"Zaitlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"R27-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2003.01697.x","article-title":"High-grade thymic carcinoma other than basaloid or mucoepidermoid type could be associated with multilocular thymic cyst: report of two cases","volume":"43","author":"Hattori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"R28-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.38.5.392","article-title":"Hodgkin\u2019s disease in a large thymic cyst in a child","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"R29-20250608","first-page":"285","article-title":"Mediastinal cysts and intrathoracic thyroid tumors","volume":"7","author":"Wick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"R30-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.44.4.416","article-title":"Mediastinal cysts: a clinicopathologic study of twenty cases","volume":"44","author":"Pachter","year":"1963","journal-title":"Dis Chest"},{"key":"R31-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.1.125","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of mediastinal cysts","volume":"124","author":"Takeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R32-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13555","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and management of primary mediastinal cysts: a single-center experience","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"R33-20250608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.13-00151","article-title":"Single institutional experience with primary mediastinal cysts: clinicopathological study of 108 resected cases","volume":"20","author":"Kozu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Surgical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PAS.0000000000002115","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T20:02:38Z","timestamp":1749412958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PAS.0000000000002115"}},"subtitle":["A Clinicopathologic Study of 136 Cases"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pas.0000000000002115","relation":{},"ISSN":["0147-5185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0147-5185","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}