{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:52:31Z","timestamp":1759146751374},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Emer Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"Objective<\/jats:title>Pediatric traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of death and a major cause of morbidity in children and young adults worldwide. Despite this, our understanding of epidemiological factors relating to this type of injury is incomplete. The objective of this study was to explore a variety of factors relating to these injuries including mechanism, timing of emergency response, prehospital management, radiological diagnosis, neurosurgical care, and final outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>A retrospective review of all pediatric traumas attending a single large, densely populated urban area within a 2-year period was undertaken, and all cases with significant pediatric traumatic brain injury, as defined by a computed tomography scan showing an intracranial injury, were included for further analysis. Various epidemiological and treatment factors were explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>One hundred sixteen patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and their injuries and management were explored further. A variety of key trends were identified. The most common mechanism of injury was pedestrian struck by car followed by falls from height. Males were injured 5 times more frequently than girls. A helicopter emergency trauma team attended 22% of the patients and intubated 11 in total. The most common intracranial injuries were skull fractures followed by contusions. Nineteen neurosurgical interventions were undertaken. Overall mortality in all patients was 8%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>An improved understanding of the epidemiology of pediatric brain injury will provide baselines for future outcome measurement and comparative analysis. This may improve service organization and delivery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000000845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,10]],"date-time":"2016-09-10T13:42:20Z","timestamp":1473514940000},"page":"426-430","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epidemiology of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in a Dense Urban Area Served by a Helicopter Trauma Service"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Ciaran S.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal London Hospital;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib1-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.3.0409","article-title":"Outcome from head injury related to patient's age. A longitudinal prospective study of adult and pediatric head injury","volume":"68","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"suppl 10","key":"bib2-20230930","first-page":"2","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"44","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"bib3-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-9-26","article-title":"Pattern of injury mortality by age-group in children aged 0\u201314 years in Scotland, 2002\u20132006, and its implications for prevention","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"bib4-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.132787","article-title":"Paediatric trauma: injury pattern and mortality in the UK","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed"},{"key":"bib5-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2011.112110","article-title":"Hospital facilities for head injured children: UK national survey","volume":"29","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"bib6-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000197916.99629.eb","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcome of severely injured patients treated in trauma centers following the establishment of trauma systems","volume":"60","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"bib7-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181f6685b","article-title":"The effect of an organized trauma system on mortality in major trauma involving serious head injury: a comparison of the United kingdom and Victoria, Australia","volume":"253","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"bib8-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-8-48","article-title":"Does trauma team activation associate with the time to CT scan for those suspected of serious head injuries","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"bib9-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000483","article-title":"Impact of prehospital transfer strategies in major trauma and head injury: systematic review, meta-analysis, and recommendations for study design","volume":"78","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"bib10-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.06.069","article-title":"Traumatic brain injuries and computed tomography use in pediatric sports participants","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bib11-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.072405","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury in children receiving intensive care in the UK","volume":"90","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"bib12-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.07.030","article-title":"Bicycle helmets are highly protective against traumatic brain injury within a dense urban setting","volume":"46","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"bib13-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307119","article-title":"Head injury from falls in children younger than 6\u2005years of age","volume":"100","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"bib14-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000719","article-title":"Emergent operation for isolated severe traumatic brain injury: does time matter","volume":"79","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"bib15-20230930","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Intubation patterns and outcomes in patients with computed tomography-verified traumatic brain injury","volume":"71","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"bib16-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.7035","article-title":"Outcomes following prehospital airway management in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"103","year":"2013","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"bib17-20230930","first-page":"135986","article-title":"Prehospital intubation in patients with isolated severe traumatic brain injury: a 4-year observational study","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"bib18-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X13008947","article-title":"Is prehospital endotracheal intubation associated with improved outcomes in isolated severe head injury? A matched cohort analysis","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"bib19-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu227","article-title":"Observational study of the success rates of intubation and failed intubation airway rescue techniques in 7256 attempted intubations of trauma patients by pre-hospital physicians","volume":"113","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"bib20-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2005.028779","article-title":"Severe head injury in children: emergency access to neurosurgery in the United Kingdom","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"bib21-20230930","first-page":"205","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of pediatric acquired brain injury","volume":"60","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"bib22-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.862739","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome after moderate-to-severe paediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"bib23-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2007.01941.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of head injuries: literature review","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"bib24-20230930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000575","article-title":"Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI): A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study","volume":"76","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Emergency Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006565-201806000-00013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T09:08:58Z","timestamp":1718788138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006565-201806000-00013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pec.0000000000000845","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-1815","0749-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-1815","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0749-5161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}}}