{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T08:21:15Z","timestamp":1773735675214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Emer Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Childhood encephalopathy comprises a wide range of etiologies with distinctive distribution in different age groups. We reviewed the pattern of encephalopathy admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary children's hospital.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We reviewed the medical records and reported the etiologies, clinical features, and outcomes of children with encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twenty-four admissions to the PICU between April 2019 and May 2020 were reviewed. The median (interquartile range) age was 10.0 (14.7) years and 62.5% were boys. Confusion (66.7%) was the most common presentation. Adverse effects related to medications (33.3%) and metabolic disease (20.8%) were predominant causes of encephalopathies in our study cohort. Methotrexate was responsible for most of the medication-associated encephalopathy (37.5%), whereas Leigh syndrome, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency and Wernicke's encephalopathy accounted for those with metabolic disease. The median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on admission was 12.5 (9.0). Antimicrobials (95.8%) and antiepileptic drugs (60.9%) were the most frequently given treatment. Children aged 2 years or younger were all boys (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.022) and had a higher proportion of primary metabolic disease (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). Intoxication or drug reaction only occurred in older children. The mortality was 8.3%, and over half of the survivors had residual neurological disability upon PICU discharge. Primary metabolic disease (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002), mechanical ventilation (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.019), failure to regain GCS back to baseline level (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009), and abnormal cognitive function on admission (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) were associated with cerebral function impairment on PICU discharge.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Primary metabolic encephalopathy was prevalent in younger children, whereas drug-induced toxic encephalopathy was common among older oncology patients. Survivors have significant neurologic morbidity. Failure to regain baseline GCS was a poor prognostic factor for neurological outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000002571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T18:50:57Z","timestamp":1646074257000},"page":"115-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Acute Childhood Encephalopathy in a Tertiary Pediatric Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Wun Fung","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen Ka Yan","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheuk Chung","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheuk Wing","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frankie W.T.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kam Lun Ellis","family":"Hon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent 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