{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:17:04Z","timestamp":1788844624248,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Emer Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>E-cigarettes, or electronic cigarettes, are electronic nicotine delivery systems that are marketed as a healthier alternative to tobacco cigarettes. There has been an exponential increase in their use among youth since their introduction to the United States market in 2007. With increased use and popularity, there has been an increase in calls to poison control centers regarding liquid nicotine toxicity in children and adolescents. Recent US Food and Drug Administration and other federal regulations of e-cigarettes have attempted to limit availability to youth. This article reviews trends in e-cigarette use among youth, the background and mechanism of action of e-cigarettes, liquid nicotine toxicity, management of liquid nicotine toxicity, and recent policy updates regarding e-cigarettes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000002793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T17:00:36Z","timestamp":1659114036000},"page":"399-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Liquid Nicotine, E-Cigarettes, and Vaping"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Mary Beth","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Guse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib1-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20183652","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3652","article-title":"E-cigarettes and similar devices","volume":"143","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib2-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.10.009","article-title":"A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes","volume":"69","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"bib3-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6950a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use among middle and high school students\u2014United States, 2020","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib4-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11336","article-title":"Characteristics of e-cigarette use behaviors among US youth, 2020","volume":"4","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib5-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000896","article-title":"Vaping in adolescents: epidemiology and respiratory harm","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"bib6-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6514a1","article-title":"Tobacco use among middle and high school students\u2014United States, 2011\u20132015","volume":"65","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib8-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.18387","article-title":"E-cigarette use among youth in the United States, 2019","volume":"322","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib9-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7039a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: E-cigarette use among middle and high school students\u2014National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021","volume":"70","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib10-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2027572","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27572","article-title":"Underage youth and young adult e-cigarette use and access before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib11-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20182741","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2741","article-title":"A public health crisis: electronic cigarettes, vape, and JUUL","volume":"143","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib12-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6937e2","article-title":"E-cigarette unit sales, by product and flavor type\u2014United States, 2014\u20132020","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib13-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173361","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3361","article-title":"E-cigarette and liquid nicotine exposures among young children","volume":"141","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib15-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01737-5","article-title":"An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health","volume":"22","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"bib16-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntu279","article-title":"Chemical composition and evaluation of nicotine, tobacco alkaloids, pH, and selected flavors in E-cigarette cartridges and refill solutions","volume":"17","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"bib17-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050604","article-title":"Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"bib19-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1805758","article-title":"Adolescents' use of \u201cpod mod\u201d E-cigarettes\u2014urgent concerns","volume":"379","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib20-20250504","first-page":"CD010216","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bib21-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.23541","article-title":"Interventions for tobacco cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"325","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib22-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.4173","article-title":"Association of noncigarette tobacco product use with future cigarette smoking among youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, 2013\u20132015","volume":"172","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib23-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20173594","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3594","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use and progression from experimentation to established smoking","volume":"141","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib24-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.014","article-title":"Licit and illicit substance use by adolescent E-cigarette users compared with conventional cigarette smokers, dual users, and nonusers","volume":"57","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"bib25-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.018","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between youth tobacco and substance use in waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study","volume":"191","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"bib26-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1488","article-title":"Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"171","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib28-20250504","first-page":"215","article-title":"Nicotine and carbonyl emissions from popular electronic cigarette products: correlation to liquid composition and design characteristics","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"bib29-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057987","article-title":"Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib30-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2018.09.015","article-title":"E-cigarette burn injuries: comprehensive review and management guidelines proposal","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"bib32-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6841e3","article-title":"Update: interim guidance for health care providers evaluating and caring for patients with suspected E-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury\u2014United States, October 2019","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib33-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6836e1","article-title":"Outbreak of electronic-cigarette-associated acute lipoid pneumonia\u2014North Carolina, July\u2013August 2019","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib34-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916433","article-title":"Vitamin E acetate in bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid associated with EVALI","volume":"382","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib35-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1911614","article-title":"Pulmonary illness related to E-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin\u2014final report","volume":"382","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib36-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1911995","article-title":"Imaging of vaping-associated lung disease","volume":"381","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib37-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05813-2","article-title":"EVALI and the pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes: a review","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"bib39-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.06.029","article-title":"Diagnosing EVALI in the time of COVID-19","volume":"158","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bib40-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25558","article-title":"EVALI versus MIS-C, one more overlapping diagnosis to consider","volume":"56","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"bib41-20250504","first-page":"28973","article-title":"Deeming tobacco products to be subject to the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, as amended by the family smoking prevention and tobacco control act; restrictions on the sale and distribution of tobacco products and required warning statements for tobacco products. Final rule","volume":"81","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fed Regist"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Emergency Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T18:06:38Z","timestamp":1746381998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002793"}},"subtitle":["Information for the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Provider"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pec.0000000000002793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-1815","0749-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-1815","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0749-5161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}}}