{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:14:48Z","timestamp":1792707288407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Emer Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The aims of this study were to determine the incentivization strategy that maximizes patient adherence to report symptoms and activity via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) after pediatric concussion, and assess the feasibility of tracking concussed youth using EMA from the emergency department (ED) setting.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study was a randomized controlled trial of participants ages 13 to 18 years with concussion presenting to an urban, academic pediatric ED within 5 days of injury. Participants were randomized to 1 of 4 incentive arms: 2 dynamic (loss-based and streak) and 2 control flat-rate (monetary and electronic device). Participants reported symptoms 3 times per day and cognitive activity once each evening for 3 weeks. Physical activity (step count) and sleep were monitored using a Fitbit (kept by participants in the device flat-rate arm). The primary outcome was proportion of prompts to which participants responded. Secondary outcomes included differential response rates by demographics, and comparison of outcome determination between EMA and subsequent clinical visits.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Thirty participants were enrolled, with a median age of 15.5 years and 60% female. Median cumulative proportion of prompts responded to was 68.3% (interquartile range, 47.6%\u201382.5%) in the dynamic arms versus 54.0% (interquartile range. 20.6%\u201368.3%) in the flat-rate arms, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.065. There were nonsignificant differences in median response by sex (65.9% for female vs 40.0% for male, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.072), race\/ethnicity (61.9% for non-Hispanic White vs 43.7% for non-Hispanic Black participants, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.097), and insurance (61.9% for private insurance vs 47.6% for public insurance, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.305). Recovery at 3 weeks was discernible for all but 2 participants (93.3%) using EMA data, compared with only 9 participants (30.0%) (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) from clinical visits.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Dynamic incentivization showed higher rates of response to tridaily symptom prompts compared with flat-rate incentivization. These data show tracking concussed youth using EMA from the ED is feasible using a dynamic incentivization strategy, with improved ability to discern outcomes compared with prospective monitoring using follow-up clinical visits.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000002870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T22:08:25Z","timestamp":1675375705000},"page":"488-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Randomized Trial of Incentivization to Maximize Retention for Real-Time Symptom and Activity Monitoring Using Ecological Momentary Assessment in Pediatric Concussion"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Corwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Orchinik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"D'Alonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anish K.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Pettijohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Master","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Wiebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154635","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4635","article-title":"Sports- and recreation-related concussions in US youth","volume":"138","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib2-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160294","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0294","article-title":"Point of health care entry for youth with concussion within a large pediatric care network","volume":"170","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib3-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1203","article-title":"Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptomsamong children with acute concussion in the ED","volume":"315","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib4-20250504","first-page":"443","article-title":"Prolonged activity restriction after concussion: are we worsening outcomes?","volume":"55","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"bib5-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0966","article-title":"Benefits of strict rest after acute concussion: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"135","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib6-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000165","article-title":"Acute cognitive and physical rest may not improve concussion recovery time","volume":"31","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"bib7-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096551","article-title":"A systematic review of criteria used to define recovery from sport-related concussion in youth athletes","volume":"52","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"bib8-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1979","article-title":"Ecologic momentary assessment to accomplish real-time capture of symptom progression and the physical and cognitive activities of patients daily following concussion","volume":"170","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib9-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"bib10-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-93-18","article-title":"Quantifying activity levels after sport-related concussion using actigraph and mobile (mHealth) technologies","volume":"54","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bib11-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6641","article-title":"Compliance with mobile ecological momentary assessment protocols in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"bib12-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114353","article-title":"The behavioral economics of health and health care","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"bib13-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2019.08.025","article-title":"Using nudges to improve value by increasing imaging-based cancer screening","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"bib14-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7138","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment in behavioral research: addressing technological and human participant challenges","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"bib15-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2012.05.009","article-title":"Identifying preferences for mobile health applications for self-monitoring and self-management: focus group findings from HIV-positive persons and young mothers","volume":"82","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"key":"bib16-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp087","article-title":"Measuring post-concussion symptoms in adolescents: feasibility of ecological momentary assessment","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"bib17-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000946","article-title":"Measuring recovery with ecologic momentary assessment in a randomized trial of exercise after sport-related concussion","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"bib18-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"bib19-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-1635","article-title":"Framing financial incentives to increase physical activity among overweight and obese adults a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"164","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"bib20-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117116658195","article-title":"A randomized trial of social comparison feedback and financial incentives to increase physical activity","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"bib21-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu014","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the postconcussion symptom inventory in children and adolescents","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"bib22-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059832","article-title":"Sport concussion assessment tool: baseline values for varsity collision sport athletes","volume":"43","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"bib23-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000955","article-title":"Visio-vestibular deficits in healthy child and adolescent athletes","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"bib24-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61558-0","article-title":"Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study","volume":"374","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib25-20250504","first-page":"e180210","article-title":"Assessment of follow-up care after emergency department presentation for mild traumatic brain injury and concussion: results from the TRACK-TBI study","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib26-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1035325","article-title":"Outpatient follow-up and return to school after emergency department evaluation among children with persistent post-concussion symptoms","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"bib27-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.09.017","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes for delayed diagnosis of concussion in pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bib28-20250504","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children","volume":"172","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib29-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20183074","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3074","article-title":"Sport-related concussion in children and adolescents","volume":"142","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib30-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009173","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009173","article-title":"Loss-framed financial incentives and personalized goal-setting to increase physical activity among ischemic heart disease patients using wearable devices: the ACTIVE REWARD randomized trial","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"bib31-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.804","article-title":"Financial incentive-based approaches for weight loss: a randomized trial","volume":"300","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib32-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.01.057","article-title":"Racial disparities in diagnosis of concussion and minor head trauma and mechanism of injury in pediatric patients visiting the emergency department","volume":"233","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"bib33-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3088","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for poor functioning after isolated mild traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Emergency Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002870","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T18:10:04Z","timestamp":1746382204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pec.0000000000002870","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-1815","0749-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-1815","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0749-5161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]}}}