{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:46:10Z","timestamp":1789677970397,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Emer Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) comprises most (70%\u201390%) of all pediatric head trauma cases seeking emergency care. Although most mTBI cases have normal initial head computed tomography scan, a considerable portion of the cases have intracranial imaging abnormalities on computed tomography scan. Whereas other intracranial pathological findings have been extensively studied, little is known about the clinical significance of pneumocephalus in pediatric mTBI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We retrospectively identified pediatric mTBI patients with pneumocephalus using the institutional database of a large regional trauma referral center. Outcome measures were defined as clinically important TBI (ciTBI), hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and neurosurgical intervention. Comparisons were made between pneumocephalus and control (isolated linear fracture) groups as well as between isolated (only linear fracture and pneumocephalus) and nonisolated pneumocephalus (pneumocephalus and TBI) groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among 3524 pediatric mTBI cases, 43 cases had pneumocephalus (1.2%). Twenty-one cases (48.8%) had isolated pneumocephalus. The pneumocephalus group had higher rates of ciTBI, hospital admission, ICU admission, and neurosurgery when compared with the isolated linear fracture (control) group. The isolated pneumocephalus group had fewer ciTBI (21.1% vs 70%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002), fewer hospitalization (23.8% vs 81.8%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), but similar ICU admission rates (4.8% vs 22.7%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.089) and length of hospital stay (4.0 \u00b1 2.7 vs 3.6 \u00b1 2.4 days, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = 0.798) in comparison to the nonisolated pneumocephalus group. None of the patients in the isolated group had neurosurgery whereas 2 patients in the nonisolated pneumocephalus group underwent surgery. Multivariable analysis revealed pneumocephalus as an independent predictor of ciTBI and hospital admission, but not ICU admission or neurosurgical intervention.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pneumocephalus is associated with increased rates of hospitalization and ciTBI, but not ICU admission, unfavorable outcome, or neurosurgical intervention in pediatric mTBI. Although usually spontaneously resolving pathology, it may occasionally be linked with complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage, meningitis, and tension pneumocephalus. Therefore, careful evaluation, close observation, and early detection of complications may prevent adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000003060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T13:10:11Z","timestamp":1696943411000},"page":"836-840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical Significance of Pneumocephalus in Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Damla","family":"Hanalioglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cagri","family":"Elbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer Selcuk","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziz Kaan","family":"Ercandirli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balkan","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Erhan","family":"Turkoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huseyin Hayri","family":"Kertmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahin","family":"Hanalioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.03.045","article-title":"Epidemiology of global pediatric traumatic brain injury: qualitative review","volume":"91","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"bib2-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430204","article-title":"Indications for computed tomography in 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