{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T11:15:41Z","timestamp":1794050141634,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Emer Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common cause of childhood mortality globally. In the United States, CAP is a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization and antibiotic use and is associated with substantial morbidity. There has been a dramatic shift in microbiological etiologies for CAP in children over time as pneumococcal pneumonia has become less common and viral etiologies have become predominant. There is no commonly agreed on approach to the diagnosis of CAP in children. When indicated, antimicrobial treatment should consist of narrow-spectrum antibiotics. In this article, we will describe the current understanding of the microbiological etiologies, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, risk factors, treatment, and future directions in the diagnosis and management of pediatric CAP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000003070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T13:14:55Z","timestamp":1701263695000},"page":"968-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Chris A.","family":"Rees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Kuppermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Florin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib1-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30410-4","article-title":"Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib2-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000\u201313, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib3-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00120-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national levels and trends in under-5 mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: a systematic analysis by the UN Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation","volume":"386","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib4-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2008","article-title":"Ambulatory visit rates and antibiotic prescribing for children with pneumonia, 1994\u20132007","volume":"127","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib5-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children","volume":"372","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib6-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000236830.39194.c0","article-title":"Epidemiology of a pediatric emergency medicine research network: the PECARN Core data project","volume":"22","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"bib7-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir531","article-title":"The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age : clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"53","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib10-20250504","first-page":"S870","article-title":"The epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infection in young children: comparison of findings from several developing countries. Coordinated Data Group of BOSTID Researchers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib11-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011994","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"346","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib12-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9039","article-title":"Does this child have pneumonia? The rational clinical examination systematic review","volume":"318","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib13-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002708","article-title":"An analysis of clinical predictive values for radiographic pneumonia in children","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"bib14-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70017-4","article-title":"Clinical features for diagnosis of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years : a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib15-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3192","article-title":"Seasonal invasive pneumococcal disease in children: role of preceding respiratory viral infection","volume":"122","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib16-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1086\/648593","article-title":"Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine","volume":"201","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib19-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.22119","article-title":"Two new pneumococcal vaccines-Prevnar 20 and Vaxneuvance","volume":"326","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib20-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30721-4","article-title":"Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study","volume":"394","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib21-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002767","article-title":"The etiology of childhood pneumonia in Mali: findings from the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study","volume":"40","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bib22-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002653","article-title":"The etiology of pneumonia in HIV-uninfected children in Kilifi, Kenya: findings from the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) study","volume":"40","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bib23-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071249","article-title":"Epidemiology of the rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian children: a case-control pneumonia etiology study","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"bib24-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002768","article-title":"Etiology and clinical characteristics of severe pneumonia among young children in Thailand: Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) case-control study findings, 2012\u20132013","volume":"40","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bib25-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1993","article-title":"Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"bib26-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021051405","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051405","article-title":"A prediction model for pediatric radiographic pneumonia","volume":"149","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib27-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003361","article-title":"Development of the novel pneumonia risk score to predict radiographic pneumonia in children","volume":"41","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bib28-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3367","article-title":"Prediction of pneumonia in a pediatric emergency department","volume":"128","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib29-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170310","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0310","article-title":"Reliability of examination findings in suspected community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"140","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib30-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11989","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011989","article-title":"A systematic review on the diagnosis of pediatric bacterial pneumonia: when gold is bronze","volume":"5","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"bib31-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021055641","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055641","article-title":"Validation of prediction models for pneumonia among children in the emergency department","volume":"150","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib32-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e32835771fd","article-title":"Children with fever and cough at emergency care: diagnostic accuracy of a clinical model to identify children at low risk of pneumonia","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bib33-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.e186","article-title":"Can we predict which children with clinically suspected pneumonia will have the presence of focal infiltrates on chest radiographs?","volume":"113","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib34-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280504400508","article-title":"Identifying children with pneumonia in the emergency department","volume":"44","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"bib35-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181e05779","article-title":"Validation and development of a clinical prediction rule in clinically suspected community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"26","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"bib36-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.12.041","article-title":"Decision rule to predict pneumonia in children presented with acute febrile respiratory illness","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bib37-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180236","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0236","article-title":"Negative chest radiography and risk of pneumonia","volume":"142","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib38-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000868","article-title":"Impact of chest radiography on antibiotic treatment for children with suspected pneumonia","volume":"32","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"bib39-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20192816","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2816","article-title":"Trends in chest radiographs for pneumonia in emergency departments","volume":"145","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib40-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.955","article-title":"Variability in the interpretation of chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"bib41-20250504","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Lung ultrasound in pediatrics and neonatology: an update","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"bib42-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2833","article-title":"Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children: a meta-analysis","volume":"135","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib43-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000969","article-title":"Lung ultrasound as first-line examination for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"33","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"bib44-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.12.052","article-title":"Significance of sonographic subcentimeter, subpleural consolidations in pediatric patients evaluated for pneumonia","volume":"243","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"bib45-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318290bf63","article-title":"Prevalence of bacteremia in hospitalized pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"32","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bib46-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171013","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1013","article-title":"Utility of blood culture among children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"140","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib47-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2019-0149","article-title":"Predictors of bacteremia in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"key":"bib48-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.09.025","article-title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of obtaining blood cultures in children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"167","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"bib49-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2012-0050","article-title":"The prevalence of bacteremia in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia: guidelines to reduce the frequency of obtaining blood cultures","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"key":"bib50-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31829ba62a","article-title":"Elevated inflammatory markers combined with positive pneumococcal urinary antigen are a good predictor of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"32","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bib51-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.84.4.332","article-title":"Procalcitonin in children admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia","volume":"84","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"bib52-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000258627.23337.00","article-title":"Lack of usefulness of an abnormal white blood cell count for predicting a concurrent serious bacterial infection in infants and young children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bib53-20250504","first-page":"e21093728","article-title":"Biomarkers and disease severity in children with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"145","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib54-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10051125","article-title":"White blood cells, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in pneumococcal pneumonia in children","volume":"10","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"bib55-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1996.tb03714.x","article-title":"White blood cell count, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract","volume":"38","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Jpn"},{"key":"bib56-20250504","first-page":"CD007498","article-title":"Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bib57-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2011.09.003","article-title":"Procalcitonin measurements for guiding antibiotic treatment in pediatric pneumonia","volume":"105","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"bib58-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068419","article-title":"Procalcitonin guidance to reduce antibiotic treatment of lower respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents (ProPAED): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"bib59-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2713","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1690","article-title":"Development and internal validation of a prediction model to risk stratify children with suspected community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"73","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib60-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161019","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1019","article-title":"Predicting severe pneumonia outcomes in children","volume":"138","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib62-20250504","first-page":"323","article-title":"Factors associated with pneumonia severity in children: a systematic review","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"bib63-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092968","article-title":"Predicting mortality among hospitalized children with respiratory illness in Western Kenya, 2009\u20132012","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"bib64-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027793","article-title":"Development of the respiratory index of severity in children (risc) score among young children with respiratory infections in South Africa","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"bib65-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz350","article-title":"The predictive performance of a pneumonia severity score in human immunodeficiency virus-negative children presenting to hospital in 7 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"70","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib66-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008143","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-008143","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a novel risk assessment tool to identify children aged 2\u201359 months at risk of hospitalised pneumonia-related mortality in 20 countries","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"bib67-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04062","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04062","article-title":"External validation of the RISC, RISC-Malawi, and PERCH clinical prediction rules to identify risk of death in children hospitalized with pneumonia","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Heal"},{"key":"bib68-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.289000","article-title":"Identifying risk of death in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"101","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"bib69-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0179","article-title":"Variation in emergency department diagnostic testing and disposition outcomes in pneumonia","volume":"132","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib70-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.6735","article-title":"Short-course antimicrobial therapy for pediatric community-acquired pneumonia: the SAFER randomized clinical trial","volume":"175","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib71-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5547","article-title":"Short- vs standard-course outpatient antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in children: the SCOUT-CAP randomized clinical trial","volume":"176","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib72-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.17843","article-title":"Effect of amoxicillin dose and treatment duration on the need for antibiotic re-treatment in children with community-acquired pneumonia: the CAP-IT randomized clinical trial","volume":"326","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib73-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23312","article-title":"Beta-lactam versus beta-lactam\/macrolide therapy in pediatric outpatient pneumonia","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"bib74-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227299","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.7299","article-title":"Prospective validation of a rapid host gene expression test to discriminate bacterial from viral respiratory infection","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib75-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000750","article-title":"Host transcriptional signatures as predictive markers of infection in children","volume":"34","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"bib78-20250504","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e524","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1138","article-title":"Proadrenomedullin predicts severe disease in children with suspected community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"73","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Emergency Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T14:04:25Z","timestamp":1746367465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pec.0000000000003070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-1815","0749-5161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-1815","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0749-5161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}}}