{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:45:24Z","timestamp":1790228724131,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Urinary tract infections are a common cause of acute illness among children presenting to the emergency department (ED). Many techniques exist to collect urine specimens in pre\u2013toilet-trained children. There is wide practice variation regarding the most appropriate collection method. This variation also appears to exist across national health organizations and societies. To date, little is known about the extent of practice variation in urine collection methods or the influence of patient and health care provider characteristics on the choice of collection method.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was designed and comprised of 3 sections: pediatric emergency medicine physician demographics, pediatric ED demographics, and case scenarios designed to assess the context surrounding urine collection method choice. The survey was disseminated to pediatric emergency medicine physicians across Canada from February 2023 to April 2023. A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of pediatric emergency medicine physicians and the EDs in which they worked was performed. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine pediatric emergency medicine physicians and ED factors that influence urine collection methods.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of 235 surveys, 96 were returned (41% participation rate). Most respondents were aged 40 to 49 (n=31, 35.6%), female (60.5%), completed residency in Ontario (18.4%) and Quebec (17.2%), and worked at the Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (16%). There was variation in urine collection methods among pediatric emergency medicine physicians with a preference for transurethral catheterization and bladder stimulation versus other methods. Factors such as the length of wait time of patients to be seen in the ED (odds ratio=3.03, 95% CI=1.14-8.09) and year postmedical school (odds ratio=1.67, 95% CI=1.07-2.60) were associated with increased choice of urinary catheterization when selecting a urine collection method.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The data suggests there is practice variation in urine collection methods among Canadian pediatric emergency medicine physicians. This practice variation is influenced by both individual providers and the demographics of EDs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000003337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T11:00:22Z","timestamp":1739790022000},"page":"475-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Practice Variation in Urine Collection Among Emergency Department Providers in Pre\u2013toilet-trained Children With Suspected Urinary Tract Infection"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Lucy M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry P.","family":"Klassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tighe","family":"Crombie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO)"},{"name":"Pediatrics"},{"name":"Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apoorva","family":"Gangwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica Ka","family":"Wai Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Gripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darcy","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Hogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Florescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Knisley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Aregbesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815e4122","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Shaikh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R2-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.4.843","article-title":"Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children","volume":"103","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R3-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2018.01.014","article-title":"A systematic review of parents\u2019 experiences and information needs related to their child\u2019s urinary tract infection","volume":"101","author":"Gates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"R4-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-5-4","article-title":"Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Whiting","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"R5-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.01.008","article-title":"Moving from bag to catheter for urine collection in non-toilet-trained children suspected of having urinary tract infection: a paired comparison of urine cultures","volume":"154","author":"Etoubleau","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R6-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04742-w","article-title":"Urine collection methods and dipstick testing in non-toilet-trained children","volume":"36","author":"Diviney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R7-20250530","first-page":"j1341","article-title":"Faster clean catch urine collection (Quick-Wee method) from infants: randomised controlled trial","volume":"357","author":"Kaufman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ (Online)"},{"key":"R8-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002524","article-title":"Bladder stimulation for clean catch urine collection improved parent and provider satisfaction","volume":"38","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"R9-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160573","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0573","article-title":"Evaluation of a new strategy for clean-catch urine in infants","volume":"138","author":"Labrosse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R10-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2020.31","article-title":"Pragmatic evaluation of a midstream urine collection technique for infants in the emergency department","volume":"22","author":"Crombie","year":"2020","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"R11-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/19.6.315","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in children: diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"R12-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","article-title":"Improving the Quality of Web Surveys: the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES)","volume":"6","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"R13-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-021-00205-9","article-title":"Translating emergency knowledge for kids (TREKK): using research evidence to improve outcomes for children and families in emergency departments across Canada","volume":"24","author":"Knisley","year":"2022","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"R15-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2018.11.005","article-title":"Urine collection methods used for non-toilet-trained children in pediatric emergency departments in France: a medical practice analysis","volume":"26","author":"Cousin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"R16-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-11-6","article-title":"A survey of the management of urinary tract infection in children in primary care and comparison with the NICE guidelines","volume":"11","author":"Kennedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"R17-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306119","article-title":"Current primary care management of children aged 1-36 months with urinary tract infections in Europe: large scale survey of paediatric practice","volume":"100","author":"Hadjipanayis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R19-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"R20-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"R21-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.4.459","article-title":"Performance, training, quality assurance, and reimbursement of emergency physician-performed ultrasonography at academic medical centers","volume":"23","author":"Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"R22-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2016.20","article-title":"Emergency point-of-care ultrasound in Canadian pediatric emergency fellowship programs: current integration and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Hoeffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"R23-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.9.1357","article-title":"Use of emergency ultrasound in United States pediatric emergency medicine fellowship programs in 2011","volume":"31","author":"Marin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"R24-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.10.915","article-title":"Choice of urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in young, febrile infants","volume":"159","author":"Schroeder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R25-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04751-w","article-title":"Practice variation in urine collection methods among pre-toilet trained children with suspected urinary tract infection: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"R26-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E75","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004078","article-title":"Global overview of response rates in patient and health care professional surveys in surgery a systematic review","volume":"275","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R27-20250530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182430","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2430","article-title":"Effect of the head computed tomography choice decision aid in parents of children with minor head trauma: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"1","author":"Hess","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Emergency Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T15:00:53Z","timestamp":1748617253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pec.0000000000003337","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-5161","1535-1815"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-5161","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1815","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-03","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-17","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}