{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:50:07Z","timestamp":1791438607432,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Describe the population of autistic children who undergo nitrous oxide sedation and the rate of associated adverse events (AEs). Analyze patient- and procedure-level factors associated with AEs in autistic children receiving nitrous oxide outside the dental setting.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective, descriptive study of autistic children, 3 to 18 years, who received nitrous oxide for procedural sedation during an emergency department or sedation encounter within a single hospital system between January 2014 and December 2023. Data extracted included patient demographics and comorbidities, as well as indication, maximum concentration, duration of administration, and AEs of nitrous oxide. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Analysis was performed on 186 patients [median age: 8 years (interquartile range: 5.2-12.75), 74.2% male]. Intravenous line placement was the most common indication in all locations. Most received 70% nitrous oxide with a median duration of 6 minutes (interquartile range: 4 -9.75). AEs were rare, occurring in only 3 patients (1.6%), with zero vomiting or aborted procedures. Given the rarity of AEs, no associated factors were able to be identified.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Nitrous oxide is a safe, effective, and well-tolerated option for procedural sedation in autistic children, with a low rate of AEs. These findings add to the limited literature supporting its use in nondental settings and suggest it may be a valuable tool for facilitating minor procedures in this population. Future prospective studies are needed to optimize nitrous oxide delivery and determine factors contributing to AEs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/pec.0000000000003726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:00:09Z","timestamp":1791435609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nitrous Oxide Use in Autistic Children"],"prefix":"10.1097","author":[{"given":"Naina","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School, Masters in Medical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Call","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-07174-3","article-title":"Preferences for identity-first and person-first language: a systematic review of research with autistic adults\/adults with autism","author":"Schuck","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"R2-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2008.506","article-title":"Health care use and health and functional impact of developmental disabilities among US children, 1997-2005","volume":"163","author":"Boulet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R3-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20251021-01","article-title":"Safely sedating children and adolescents who are neurodivergent","volume":"55","author":"Nguyen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"key":"R4-20261008","first-page":"460","article-title":"Conscious sedation in dentistry for the management of pediatric patients with autism: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Vallogini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"R5-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03023-7","article-title":"Autistic patients: a retrospective study on their dental needs and the behavioural approach","volume":"24","author":"Mangione","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"R6-20261008","first-page":"404","article-title":"Sedation of the autistic patient for dental procedures","volume":"46","author":"Braff","year":"1979","journal-title":"ASDC J Dent Child"},{"key":"R7-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.10.025","article-title":"Procedural sedation in children with autism spectrum disorders in the emergency department","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R8-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e977","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001844","article-title":"Caring for children with autism in an emergency department setting","volume":"37","author":"Mannenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"R10-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12168","article-title":"The use of nitrous oxide as an adjuvant for inhalation inductions with sevoflurane: a pro-con debate","volume":"23","author":"Banchs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"R11-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2024-008153","article-title":"Comparison of procedural sedation outcomes in children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"15","author":"Kannikeswaran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"key":"R12-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-023-00602-2","article-title":"Nitrous oxide use in Canadian pediatric emergency departments: a survey of physician\u2019s knowledge, attitudes, and practices","volume":"26","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"R13-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20161573","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1573","article-title":"Evaluation and management of children with acute mental health or behavioral problems. Part II: recognition of clinically challenging mental health related conditions presenting with medical or uncertain symptoms","volume":"138","author":"Chun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R14-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1044","article-title":"High-concentration nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in children: adverse events and depth of sedation","volume":"121","author":"Babl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R15-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2022-212931","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a nitrous oxide procedural sedation programme in a paediatric emergency department: a decade of outcomes","volume":"41","author":"Croughan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"R16-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1522-8401(00)90042-9","article-title":"Nitrous oxide in the pediatric emergency department","volume":"1","author":"Luhmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Emerg Med"},{"key":"R17-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-023-00507-0","article-title":"Inhaled nitrous oxide for painful procedures in children and youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Poonai","year":"2023","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"R18-20261008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s41894-020-00085-9","article-title":"Use of nitrous oxide in children with special health care needs","volume":"4","author":"Ritwik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Dent Rev"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Emergency Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:00:22Z","timestamp":1791435622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/PEC.0000000000003726"}},"subtitle":["A Descriptive Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":17,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pec.0000000000003726","relation":{},"ISSN":["0749-5161","1535-1815"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0749-5161","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1815","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-27","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-17","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}