{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:22:32Z","timestamp":1785370952000,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Florid lymphoid hyperplasias of the lower female genital tract, also known as pseudolymphoma or lymphoma-like lesions, are benign lesions displaying histologic features which mimic aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Initially described by Young and colleagues in 1985, fewer than 100 cases have been published, making this lesion rather uncommon and subject to misdiagnoses. However, given that this entity has now been included in the World Health Organization\u2019s most recent classification, greater clarity would be beneficial for pathologists and physicians. Thus, our report aims to review these entities and provide all available data. We reviewed the available literature according to PRISMA guidelines. We found that lymphoma-like lesions, regardless of their localization, display numerous superficial lymphoid B cells admixed with a polymorphic small lymphocytic and plasmocytic background and, sometimes, superficial ulceration. Large lymphoid cells show prominent nucleoli and mitotic figures. Immunohistochemistry can usually exclude large cell lymphomas, such as high-grade follicular lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma, when a starry sky pattern is found, as well as Hodgkin Lymphoma; however, the exclusion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or marginal zone lymphoma is more difficult. Explorations seeking infectious agents may show Epstein-Barr virus or, rarely, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> involvement. Molecular study occasionally finds a monoclonal B-cell population, but without the subsequent follow-up which would otherwise be worrisome. Despite its somewhat aggressive histologic features, the benignity of this entity must be highlighted to avoid misdiagnosis and complications due to overtreating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/pgp.0000000000000830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T10:09:10Z","timestamp":1635761350000},"page":"459-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Florid Lymphoid Hyperplasia or Lymphoma-like Lesion of the Lower Genital Tract: A 35-Year Literature Review in View of the New WHO Classification"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Laville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Chauleur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mehdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Peoc\u2019h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Karpathiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-198512000-00002","article-title":"Lymphoma-like lesions of the lower female genital tract: a report of 16 cases","volume":"4","author":"Young","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"R3-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.06.020","article-title":"Large cell lymphoma-like reaction in a cervical polyp","volume":"99","author":"Alameda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"R4-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10334","article-title":"Primary B-cell lymphoma and lymphoma-like lesions of the uterine cervix","volume":"73","author":"Au","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"R5-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610802691815","article-title":"A rare case of pseudolymphoma of the vulva","volume":"29","author":"Narain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R6-20250802","article-title":"Florid reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (lymphoma-like lesion) of cervix: a diagnostically challenging case and a brief review of literature","volume":"11","author":"Pai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"R7-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2011.08.004","article-title":"Florid reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (lymphoma-like lesion) of the uterine cervix","volume":"16","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"R8-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181cc4f12","article-title":"Florid reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the lower female genital tract (lymphoma-like lesion): a benign condition that frequently harbors clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements","volume":"34","author":"Geyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R9-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(00)00513-3","article-title":"Lymphoma-like lesion of the uterine cervix","volume":"97","author":"Piura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R10-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00910.x","article-title":"Transformation of vulvar pseudolymphoma (lymphoma-like lesion) into a marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of labium majus","volume":"34","author":"Martorell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"R11-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000228144.59677.5a","article-title":"Lymphoma-like lesion of the uterine cervix: report of 12 cases of a rare entity","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"R12-20250802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08659.x","article-title":"Primary lymphoma-like lesions of the uterine cervix; 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