{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:32:58Z","timestamp":1761921178145,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cancer continues to be the second most common cause of death in the United States. Racially and ethnically minoritized populations continue to experience disparities in cancer prevention compared with majority populations. Multilevel interventions\u2014from policy, communities, health care institutions, clinical teams, families, and individuals\u2014may be uniquely suited to reducing health disparities through behavioral risk factor modification in these populations. The aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of the evidence for primary prevention among racially and ethnically minoritized subpopulations in the United States. We focus on the epidemiology of tobacco use, obesity, diet and physical activity, alcohol use, sun exposure, and smoking, as well as increasing uptake of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV), as mutable behavioral risk factors. We describe interventions at the policy level, including raising excise taxes on tobacco products; within communities and with community partners, for safe greenways and parks, and local healthful food; health care institutions, with reminder systems for HPV vaccinations; among clinicians, by screening for alcohol use and providing tailored weight reduction approaches; families, with HPV education; and among individuals, routinely using sun protection. A multilevel approach to primary prevention of cancer can modify many of the risk factors in racially and ethnically minoritized populations for whom cancer is already a burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/ppo.0000000000000686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T15:00:44Z","timestamp":1699974044000},"page":"354-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Primary Prevention of Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sherri Sheinfeld","family":"Gorin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, The School of Medicine, and the School of Public Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Hirko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib2-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34479","article-title":"Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part 1: national cancer statistics","volume":"128","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"bib4-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgs015","article-title":"Multilevel interventions and racial\/ethnic health disparities","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"bib6-20250928","first-page":"35","article-title":"Disparities across the breast cancer continuum","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"bib7-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(91)90028-3","article-title":"The social unit: an important facet in the design of cancer control research","volume":"20","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"bib9-20250928","first-page":"55","article-title":"Social disparities across the continuum of colorectal cancer: a systematic review","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"bib10-20250928","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health disparities across the cancer continuum","volume":"18","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"bib11-20250928","first-page":"S182","article-title":"Challenges for multilevel health disparities research in a transdisciplinary environment","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"bib12-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.411","article-title":"Health psychology: what is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin?","volume":"48","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"bib14-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0542","article-title":"AACR cancer disparities progress report 2022","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"bib17-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6615a8","article-title":"QuickStats: number of deaths from 10 leading causes,* by sex\u2014National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2015","volume":"66","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib18-20250928","first-page":"31","article-title":"Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States: potentially preventable cancers in US","volume":"68","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"bib19-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946a4","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib23-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6845a2","article-title":"Tobacco product use and cessation indicators among adults\u2014United States, 2018","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib24-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6702a1","article-title":"Current cigarette smoking among adults\u2014United States, 2016","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib25-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033250","article-title":"Ethnic and racial differences in the smoking-related risk of lung cancer","volume":"354","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib26-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.02.003","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in smoking-cessation interventions","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"bib27-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.11.002","article-title":"Views on smoking cessation methods in ethnic minority communities: a qualitative investigation","volume":"44","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"bib28-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.191668","article-title":"A nationwide analysis of US racial\/ethnic disparities in smoking behaviors, smoking cessation, and cessation-related factors","volume":"101","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1(0 1)","key":"bib29-20250928","first-page":"84","article-title":"Menthol cigarettes and smoking cessation among racial\/ethnic groups in the United States","volume":"105","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"bib30-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6748a3","article-title":"Exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers\u2014United States, 1988\u20132014","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib31-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2223266","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.23266","article-title":"Assessment of patterns in e-cigarette use among adults in the US, 2017\u20132020","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib32-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L425","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00343.2016","article-title":"Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products","volume":"313","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"bib33-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306448","article-title":"Racial disparities of e-cigarette use among US youths: 2014\u20132019","volume":"111","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"bib34-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6812a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use and associated factors among middle and high school students\u2014United States, 2019","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"e2","key":"bib35-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053222","article-title":"E-cigarettes and equity: a systematic review of differences in awareness and use between sociodemographic groups","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"bib36-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.06.006","article-title":"Race differences in factors relating to smoking initiation","volume":"34","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"bib37-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054593","article-title":"Age of tobacco use initiation and association with current use and nicotine dependence among US middle and high school students, 2014\u20132016","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"bib38-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.03.011","article-title":"A growing geographic disparity: rural and urban cigarette smoking trends in the United States","volume":"104","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"bib39-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207818","article-title":"Smoking prevalence and trends among a U.S. national sample of women of reproductive age in rural versus urban settings","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib42-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0092","article-title":"Making the case for investment in rural cancer control: an analysis of rural cancer incidence, mortality, and funding trends","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"bib43-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0430","article-title":"Rural-urban differences in cancer incidence and trends in the United States","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"bib45-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.10.1675","article-title":"Rural health disparities, population health, and rural culture","volume":"94","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"bib46-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2022.100057","article-title":"Tobacco cessation motivations, preferences, and barriers among rural smokers: implications for optimizing referrals in clinical practice","volume":"2","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"key":"bib48-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.5639","article-title":"Proportion of cancer cases attributable to excess body weight by US state, 2011\u20132015","volume":"5","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"bib52-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.4.623","article-title":"The Diabetes Prevention Program. Design and methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bib53-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512","article-title":"Diabetes prevention program research group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin","volume":"346","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib54-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.12.2165","article-title":"The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP): description of lifestyle intervention","volume":"25","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bib56-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056756","article-title":"Effects of long-term metformin and lifestyle interventions on cardiovascular events in the diabetes prevention program and its outcome study","volume":"145","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bib57-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.224","article-title":"Weight loss of Black, White, and Hispanic men and women in the Diabetes Prevention Program","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"bib58-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0209-x","article-title":"Translation of the diabetes prevention program to ethnic communities in the United States","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"bib59-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22936","article-title":"Intensive weight loss intervention and cancer risk in adults with type 2 diabetes: analysis of the Look AHEAD randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"bib60-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12622","article-title":"Weight loss and improved metabolic outcomes amongst rural African American women in the deep south: six-month outcomes from a community-based randomized trial","volume":"282","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"bib61-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2337\/ds19-0007","article-title":"The Diabetes Prevention Program for underserved populations: a brief review of strategies in the real world","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"key":"bib62-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910150411","article-title":"Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices","volume":"15","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib63-20250928","first-page":"43","article-title":"Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States","volume":"40","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"bib64-20250928","first-page":"223","article-title":"Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract among Japanese and White immigrants in Los Angeles County","volume":"78","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"bib66-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-17-0509","article-title":"Research strategies for nutritional and physical activity epidemiology and cancer prevention","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"bib67-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02235-5","article-title":"Optimal dietary patterns for prevention of chronic disease","volume":"29","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"bib68-20250928","first-page":"245","article-title":"American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention","volume":"70","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"bib70-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.1548","article-title":"Association of leisure-time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults","volume":"176","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"bib71-20250928","first-page":"1164","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report"},{"key":"bib72-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e197597","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.7597","article-title":"Trends in adherence to the physical activity guidelines for Americans for aerobic activity and time spent on sedentary behavior among US adults, 2007 to 2016","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"bib73-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2011.11.012","article-title":"Income and race\/ethnicity are associated with adherence to food-based dietary guidance among US adults and children","volume":"112","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"bib74-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.09.025","article-title":"Neighborhood environments: disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S","volume":"36","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"bib75-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x","article-title":"Race, socioeconomic status, and health: complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities","volume":"1186","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"bib76-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/19320240903337041","article-title":"Food systems and public health disparities","volume":"4","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hunger Environ Nutr"},{"key":"bib78-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19320248.2016.1227750","article-title":"Food insecurity among American Indians and Alaska Natives: a national profile using the current Population Survey\u2013Food Security supplement","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hunger Environ Nutr"},{"key":"bib80-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1273","article-title":"Association of physical activity with income, race\/ethnicity, and sex among adolescents and young adults in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132016","volume":"172","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib81-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071193","article-title":"Disentangling race, poverty, and place in disparities in physical activity","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"bib82-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0058","article-title":"Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity","volume":"117","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib83-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-7-45","article-title":"Built and socioeconomic environments: patterning and associations with physical activity in U.S. adolescents","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"bib84-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022","article-title":"Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"125","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bib85-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.02.008","article-title":"Integrating physical activity in primary care practice [published online March 4, 2016]","volume":"129","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"bib87-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.10.010","article-title":"The intersection of neighborhood racial segregation, poverty, and urbanicity and its impact on food store availability in the United States","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"bib88-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.1155","article-title":"Alcohol and cancer: a statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"bib89-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.01.007","article-title":"European Code Against Cancer Fourth Edition: alcohol drinking and cancer","volume":"39","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib90-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.71","article-title":"The synergistic effects of alcohol and tobacco consumption on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"109","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"bib92-20250928","first-page":"S28","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States","volume":"49","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"bib93-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16789","article-title":"Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"320","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib95-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1122","article-title":"Keratinocyte carcinomas: current concepts and future research priorities [published online December 6, 2018]","volume":"25","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"bib96-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.02.015","article-title":"Incidence and trends of basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010","volume":"92","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"bib97-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00585","article-title":"American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement on skin cancer prevention","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"bib98-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3315","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003315","article-title":"Association between race\/ethnicity and survival of melanoma patients in the United States over 3 decades: a secondary analysis of SEER data","volume":"95","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"bib101-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32921","article-title":"Cutaneous melanomas attributable to ultraviolet radiation exposure by state","volume":"147","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"bib103-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.06.024","article-title":"Continued increase in melanoma incidence across all socioeconomic status groups in California, 1998\u20132012","volume":"137","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"bib104-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.03.026","article-title":"California Medicaid enrollment and melanoma stage at diagnosis: a population-based study","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"RR-15","key":"bib105-20250928","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preventing skin cancer. Findings of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services on reducing exposure to ultraviolet light","volume":"52","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bib106-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.4.244","article-title":"The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"55","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"bib107-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100293","article-title":"A study of type-specific HPV natural history and implications for contemporary cervical cancer screening programs","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"bib109-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065497","article-title":"Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"356","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib110-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv403","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv403","article-title":"HPV involvement in head and neck cancers: comprehensive assessment of biomarkers in 3680 patients","volume":"108","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"bib111-20250928","first-page":"djv086","article-title":"US assessment of HPV types in cancers: implications for current and 9-valent HPV vaccines","volume":"107","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"bib113-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021641","article-title":"Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer","volume":"348","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"bib114-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-011-0045-x","article-title":"The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and cervical cancer: uptake and next steps","volume":"28","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"bib115-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6832a3","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccination for adults: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib116-20250928","first-page":"645","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper (2022 update)","volume":"50","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Record"},{"key":"bib117-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6733a1","article-title":"National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years\u2014United States, 2017","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib118-20250928","first-page":"909","article-title":"National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13\u201317 years\u2014United States","volume":"67","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib119-20250928","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccination among adults aged 18\u201326, 2013\u20132018","volume":"354","year":"2020","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"bib121-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7135a1","article-title":"National vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13\u201317 years\u2014National Immunization Survey\u2014Teen, United States, 2021","volume":"71","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bib122-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204784","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2204784","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of age at HPV vaccination: analysis using the 2020 NIS-Teen","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"bib125-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00886-5","article-title":"Race, nativity, and sex disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination among young adults in the USA","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"bib126-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15876-5","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions to promote HPV vaccination globally","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"bib127-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105968","article-title":"Factors associated with adolescent HPV vaccination in the U.S.: a systematic review of reviews and multilevel framework to inform intervention development","volume":"131","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"bib128-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1125055","article-title":"Interventions to increase HPV vaccination coverage: a systematic review","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"bib129-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153863","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3863","article-title":"Interventions to improve HPV vaccine uptake: a systematic review","volume":"138","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib130-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070687","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions to improve HPV vaccination coverage","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"bib131-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0310","article-title":"Practice- and community-based interventions to increase human papillomavirus vaccine coverage: a systematic review","volume":"169","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"bib132-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7997","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217997","article-title":"Increasing HPV vaccination uptake among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"bib133-20250928","first-page":"63","article-title":"Social inequities along the cervical cancer continuum: a structured review","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"bib134-20250928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.10.030","article-title":"Factors influencing the effectiveness of interventions to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in health care","volume":"70","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"}],"container-title":["The Cancer Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T07:01:35Z","timestamp":1759042895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000686"}},"subtitle":["A Multilevel Approach to Behavioral Risk Factor Reduction in Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Groups"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ppo.0000000000000686","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-336X","1528-9117"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1540-336X"},{"type":"print","value":"1528-9117"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}}}