{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:18:28Z","timestamp":1785554308988,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The central mound technique offers a relatively less common approach for breast reduction. This study evaluated the expected safety and efficacy outcomes using this technique in a large patient series.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective review of all patients undergoing central mound breast reduction at the authors\u2019 institution between June of 1999 and November of 2018 was performed. Both bilateral macromastia and unilateral symmetrizing reduction patients were included but evaluated separately for some outcomes. Patient demographics and comorbidities, operative details, postoperative adverse events, and BREAST-Q scores were recorded. Associations between preoperative variables and outcomes were assessed with chi-square tests, Wilcoxon tests, and Kendall tau-b correlations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 325 patients were identified for inclusion (227 bilateral and 98 unilateral; 552 breasts). The average patient age was 46 years, and the average body mass index was 27.4 kg\/m2<\/jats:sup>. Among the bilateral macromastia patients, the average operative time was 3 hours 34 minutes, and average breast tissue removed was 533 g (right breast) and 560 g (left breast). Among all patients, average follow-up was 169 days. On a per-breast basis for all patients, the following complication rates were observed: seroma, 0.2 percent; hematoma, 1.1 percent; dehiscence, 2.9 percent; infection, 1.5 percent; hypertrophic scar, 4.6 percent; nipple necrosis, 0.4 percent; fat necrosis, 0.9 percent; and skin flap necrosis, 1.7 percent. Using the BREAST-Q Reduction\/Mastopexy questions on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5, restricted to the bilateral macromastia patient population, all scores improved with statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The central mound pedicle is a safe and effective approach for reduction mammaplasty for both bilateral macromastia patients and unilateral symmetrizing operations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CLINICAL QUESTION\/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:<\/jats:title>\n Therapeutic, IV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000007173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,27]],"date-time":"2020-06-27T09:21:52Z","timestamp":1593249712000},"page":"725-733","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Central Mound Pedicle: A Safe and Effective Technique for Reduction Mammaplasty"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"DeLong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Farajzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward H.","family":"Nahabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Roostaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaco","family":"Festekjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Rough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Da Lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles; and Plastic Surgery Specialists."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000736","article-title":"Psychological impact of breast asymmetry on adolescents: A prospective cohort study.","volume":"134","author":"Nuzzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R2-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b988aa","article-title":"The impact of breast reduction surgery on low-back compressive forces and function in individuals with macromastia.","volume":"124","author":"Foreman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R3-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199306000-00013","article-title":"Reduction mammaplasty improves symptoms of macromastia.","volume":"91","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R4-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318262f0c0","article-title":"ASPS clinical practice guideline summary on reduction mammaplasty.","volume":"130","author":"Kalliainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R5-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X13515676","article-title":"Complications following reduction mammaplasty: A review of 3538 cases from the 2005-2010 NSQIP data sets.","volume":"34","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg 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pedicle for reduction mammaplasty in gigantomastia.","volume":"121","author":"Landau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R13-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181881dd7","article-title":"Breast reduction trend among plastic surgeons: A national survey.","volume":"122","author":"Okoro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R14-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197963060-00001","article-title":"Is there a reduction mammaplasty for \u201call seasons?\u201d","volume":"63","author":"Georgiade","year":"1979","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R15-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-197909000-00003","article-title":"Reduction mammaplasty utilizing an inferior pedicle nipple-areolar flap.","volume":"3","author":"Georgiade","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"R16-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000282033.58509.76","article-title":"The versatility of the superomedial pedicle with various skin reduction patterns.","volume":"120","author":"Davison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R17-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200003000-00011","article-title":"Medical pedicle reduction mammaplasty for severe mammary hypertrophy.","volume":"105","author":"Nahabedian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R18-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-011-9784-y","article-title":"A superior vertical dermal pedicle for the nipple-areola: An alternative for severe breast hypertrophy and ptosis.","volume":"36","author":"Abramo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"R19-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003383","article-title":"Principles of breast re-reduction: A reappraisal.","volume":"139","author":"Mistry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R20-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198103000-00006","article-title":"The central mound technique for reduction mammaplasty.","volume":"67","author":"Balch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R22-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-820X(97)70011-6","article-title":"Breast reduction: The inferior pedicle as an axial pattern flap.","volume":"17","author":"Migliori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"R23-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0867-2","article-title":"Reduction mammaplasty for breast symmetrisation in implant-based reconstructions.","volume":"41","author":"De Biasio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"R24-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001059","article-title":"Complications after reduction mammaplasty: A comparison of Wise pattern\/inferior pedicle and vertical scar\/superomedial pedicle.","volume":"79","author":"Ogunleye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"R25-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-011-9860-3","article-title":"Comparing breast-reduction techniques: Time-to-event analysis and recommendations.","volume":"36","author":"Hunter-Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"R26-20231109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2018.12.004","article-title":"Reduction mammaplasty with superomedial pedicle technique: A literature review and retrospective analysis of 938 consecutive breast 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