{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:59:46Z","timestamp":1781661586981,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Microbotulinum refers to the systematic injection of tiny blebs of diluted botulinum toxin at repeated intervals into the skin. This targets the superficial fibers of the facial muscles, and weakens their insertion into the undersurface of the skin, which is responsible for the fine lines and wrinkles on the face. The authors present a pilot study based on quantitative evaluation, by means of a skin-scanning technology, of the aesthetic improvement of skin texture, microroughness, and enlarged pore size in a patient group treated with microbotulinum injections for cosmetic purposes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The treatment was performed using a 32-gauge needle to deliver injections on a regular 1-cm grid from the forehead to the cheek and down to the jawline.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Sixty of the 62 patients completed the study. All analyzed parameters improved significantly (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) at 90 days with respect to the pretreatment time point (skin texture, \u22121.93 \u00b1 0.51; microroughness, \u22122.48 \u00b1 0.79; and pore diameter, 2.1 \u00b1 0.43). Best results have been obtained in patients aged between 42.7 and 46.8 years, and standard deviation calculation allows us to recommend it in patients aged between 36.5 and 53 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results of this pilot study suggest that intradermal botulinum toxin injection, or so-called microbotulinum, is a safe and effective method to treat skin flaws. Because of the high satisfaction rate among both physicians and patients, further studies are indeed mandatory to determine the optimal number of units needed for a longer and lasting effect with this particular novel dilution.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CLINICAL QUESTION\/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Therapeutic, IV.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000007248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:04:49Z","timestamp":1603411489000},"page":"987-994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Microbotulinum: A Quantitative Evaluation of Aesthetic Skin Improvement in 62 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Diaspro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Rigeneralab Centre for Regenerative Medicine; private practice; and Pegaso University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Calvisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Rigeneralab Centre for Regenerative Medicine; private practice; and Pegaso University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Rigeneralab Centre for Regenerative Medicine; private practice; and Pegaso University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Rigeneralab Centre for Regenerative Medicine; private practice; and Pegaso University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R1-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001827","article-title":"Microbotox of the lower face and neck: Evolution of a personal technique and its clinical effects.","volume":"136","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R2-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00093.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin: A possible new treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis.","volume":"21","author":"Bushara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"R3-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04257.x","article-title":"Botulinum A neurotoxin for axillary hyperhidrosis: No sweat Botox.","volume":"24","author":"Glogau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"R4-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7313.596","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A in treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: Randomised, parallel group, double blind, placebo controlled trial.","volume":"323","author":"Naumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R5-20230801","first-page":"847","article-title":"Use of intradermal botulinum toxin to reduce sebum production and facial pore size.","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"R6-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12097","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of oily skin.","volume":"39","author":"Rose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R7-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000852","article-title":"Development and validation of a photonumeric scale for evaluation of facial skin texture.","volume":"42","author":"Donofrio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R8-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S227","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000847","article-title":"Development and validation of a photonumeric scale for evaluation of facial fine lines.","volume":"42","author":"Carruthers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"R9-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2011.00570.x","article-title":"Analysis of human perception of facial skin radiance by means of image histogram parameters of surface and subsurface reflections from the skin.","volume":"18","author":"Matsubara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"R10-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-12-51","article-title":"Image analysis and processing methods in verifying the correctness of performing low-invasive esthetic medical procedures.","volume":"12","author":"Koprowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"R11-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2012.08.002","article-title":"Computerized analysis of pigmented skin lesions: A review.","volume":"56","author":"Korotkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"R12-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19800101-06","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery.","volume":"17","author":"Scott","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"R13-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.08.023","article-title":"Aesthetic use of BoNT: Options and outcomes.","volume":"107","author":"Gendler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"R14-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1992.tb03295.x","article-title":"Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin.","volume":"18","author":"Carruthers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"R15-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518e","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475758.63709.23","article-title":"Global aesthetics consensus: Botulinum toxin type A. Evidence-based review, emerging concepts, and consensus recommendations for aesthetic use, including updates on complications.","volume":"137","author":"Sundaram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R16-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31816de8d0","article-title":"Advances in facial rejuvenation: Botulinum toxin type a, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies. Consensus recommendations.","volume":"121","author":"Carruthers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R17-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2010.00544.x","article-title":"Upper- and mid-face anti-aging treatment and prevention using onabotulinumtoxin A: The 2010 multidisciplinary French consensus. Part 1.","volume":"10","author":"Raspaldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"R18-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2011.00560.x","article-title":"Lower-face and neck antiaging treatment and prevention using onabotulinumtoxin A: The 2010 multidisciplinary French consensus. Part 2.","volume":"10","author":"Raspaldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"R19-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/dsu.12148","article-title":"The convergence of medicine and neurotoxins: A focus on botulinum toxin type A and its application in aesthetic medicine. A global, evidence-based botulinum toxin consensus education initiative: Part II\u2014Incorporating botulinum toxin into aesthetic clinical practice.","volume":"39","author":"Carruthers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R20-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001771","article-title":"Neurotoxins: Current concepts in cosmetic use on the face and neck. Upper face (glabella, forehead, and crow\u2019s feet).","volume":"136","author":"Monheit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R21-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001750","article-title":"Neurotoxins: Current concepts in cosmetic use on the face and neck. Lower face.","volume":"136","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R22-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07465.x","article-title":"Sebum output as a factor contributing to the size of facial pores.","volume":"155","author":"Roh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R23-20230801","first-page":"34","article-title":"A single-blind, split-face, randomized, pilot study comparing the effects of intradermal and intramuscular injection of two commercially available botulinum toxin A formulas to reduce signs of facial aging.","volume":"10","author":"Sapra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol"},{"key":"R24-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004695","article-title":"Evaluation of the microbotox technique: An algorithmic approach for lower face and neck rejuvenation and a crossover clinical trial.","volume":"142","author":"Awaida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R25-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004693","article-title":"Discussion: Evaluation of the microbotox technique: An algorithmic approach for lower face and neck rejuvenation and a crossover clinical trial.","volume":"142","author":"Lambros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R26-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1935","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001935","article-title":"Clinical effects on skin texture and hydration of the face using microbotox and microhyaluronic acid.","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"R27-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-019-02738-z","article-title":"The skin rejuvenation associated treatment-Fraxel laser, microbotox, and low G prime hyaluronic acid: Preliminary results.","volume":"34","author":"Bertossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"R28-20230801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/2292550318800330","article-title":"Personal technique of microinfiltration with botulin toxin: The SINB technique (superficial injection needling botulinum).","volume":"27","author":"Calvani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Surg (Oakv.)"}],"container-title":["Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T23:16:41Z","timestamp":1690931801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/prs.0000000000007248","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-1052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-1052","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]}}}