{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:39:31Z","timestamp":1770485971034,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychosom Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor behavioral self-regulation in the first 2 decades of life has been identified as an important precursor of disease risk in adulthood. However, physiological regulation has not been well studied as a disease risk factor before adulthood. We tested whether physiological regulation at the age of 2 years, in the form of vagal regulation of cardiac function (indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA] change), would predict three indicators of cardiovascular risk at the age of 16 years (diastolic and systolic blood pressure and body mass index).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data came from 229 children who participated in a community-based longitudinal study. At the age of 2 years, children were assessed for RSA baseline and RSA change (ln(ms)<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) in response to a series of challenge tasks. These same children were assessed again at the age of 16 years for diastolic and systolic blood pressure (millimeters of mercury), height (meters), and weight (kilogram).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regression analyses revealed that less RSA withdrawal at the age of 2 years predicted higher diastolic blood pressure at the age of 16 years, adjusting for demographic characteristics (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B<\/jats:italic>= \u22123.07, M [S E] = 1.12,<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>= .006). Follow-up analyses demonstrated that these predictions extended to clinically significant levels of diastolic prehypertension (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval = 0.22\u20130.89). RSA withdrawal did not significantly predict adolescent body mass index or systolic blood pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vagal regulation of cardiac function in early childhood predicts select indicators of cardiovascular risk 14 years later. Early signs of attenuated vagal regulation could indicate an increased risk for elevated blood pressure before adulthood. Future research should test biological, behavioral, and psychological mechanisms underlying these long-term predictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0000000000000458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T21:32:01Z","timestamp":1487280721000},"page":"614-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Vagal Regulation of Cardiac Function in Early Childhood and Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Meghan J.","family":"Gangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilly","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Kolacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James 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