{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:43:59Z","timestamp":1777063439512,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychosom Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Enhanced odor sensitivity is a phenomenon that potentially underlies conditions such as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). Currently, there are no treatments that have been shown to effectively decrease odor sensitivity. Given similarities of odor hypersensitivity\/MCS to pain sensitization disorders such as fibromyalgia, there may be a potential for interventions that improve pain tolerance to modulate odor sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This exploratory study randomized 72 healthy community adult volunteers to receive one of six treatments in between two assessments of thermal pain tolerance and odor threshold. Participants were randomized to receive either cathodal, anodal, or sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) aimed at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, participants were provided a brief cognitive behavioral intervention (CBI) for pain consisting of task framing, cognitive restructuring, and distraction technique training, or a control intervention consisting of information about pain.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Persons who received a brief CBI showed significantly increased odor thresholds (reduced sensitivity) during intervention (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic> (1,62) = 7.29, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .009, \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub>\n                                 <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .11), whereas the control intervention was not associated with altered odor thresholds. Moreover, in those who received brief CBI, more severe anxiety associated with larger reductions in odor sensitivity (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03c1<\/jats:italic> = .364, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .035). There was no effect of tDCS (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic> (2,62) = .11, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .90) nor interaction between tDCS and CBI (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic> (2,62) = .32, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .73).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Given the connection between anxiety and MCS, results suggest that CBT techniques for somatic processes may show promise in treating conditions characterized by increased sensitivity to odors (e.g., MCS).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0000000000000679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,28]],"date-time":"2019-02-28T20:58:27Z","timestamp":1551387507000},"page":"389-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploratory Investigation of a Brief Cognitive Behavioral Intervention and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Odor Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"David C.","family":"Houghton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Uhde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Borckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette M.","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib1-20230825","first-page":"1","article-title":"Odor sensitivity impairment: a behavioral marker of psychological distress?","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"bib2-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-014-0026-2","article-title":"Sensory phenomena in Tourette syndrome: their role in symptom formation and treatment","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"key":"bib3-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0218-7","article-title":"Describing the sensory abnormalities of children and adults with autism","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"bib4-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900016606","article-title":"Sensory phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders: a review of the literature","volume":"13","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"bib5-20230825","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perspectives on sensory processing disorder: a call for translational research","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"bib6-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.11.005","article-title":"The chemical odor sensitivity scale: reliability and validity of a screening instrument for idiopathic environmental intolerance","volume":"61","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"bib7-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009908","article-title":"Prevalence of people reporting sensitivities to chemicals in a population based survey","volume":"150","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bib8-20230825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1996.9936026","article-title":"Prevalence and nature of allergy and chemical sensitivity in a general population","volume":"51","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"bib9-20230825","first-page":"801","article-title":"Multiple chemical sensitivities: summary and directions for future investigators","volume":"2","year":"1987","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"bib10-20230825","first-page":"445","article-title":"Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance\u2014an emerging theory of disease?","volume":"105","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"bib11-20230825","first-page":"718","article-title":"Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: a clinical perspective. 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