{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:45:29Z","timestamp":1781797529629,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychosom Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Most of the research on vasovagal reactions has focused on the contributions of cardiovascular activity to the development of symptoms. However, other research suggests that additional mechanisms like hyperventilation may contribute to the process. The goal of the present investigation was to examine the influences of cardiovascular and respiratory variables on vasovagal symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study was part of a randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of behavioral techniques on the prevention of vasovagal reactions in blood donors. Data from the no-treatment control group were analyzed. The final sample was composed of 160 college and university students. Observational and self-report measures of symptoms were obtained. Physiological variables were measured mainly using respiratory capnometry.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although respiration rate remained stable throughout donation, change in end-tidal carbon dioxide was associated with requiring treatment for a reaction during donation (odds ratio = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41 to 0.79, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .001) and self-reported symptoms measured in the postdonation period using the Blood Donation Reactions Inventory (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.152, 95% CI = \u22120.28 to \u22120.02, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic> = \u22122.32, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .022). Individuals with higher levels of predonation anxiety displayed larger decreases in end-tidal carbon dioxide throughout the procedure (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>(2,236) = 3.64, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .043, \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                                 <jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> = 0.030). Blood Donation Reactions Inventory scores were related to changes in systolic (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.022, 95% CI = \u22120.04 to \u22120.004, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic> = \u22122.39, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> = .019) and diastolic blood pressure (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.038, 95% CI = \u22120.06 to \u22120.02, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic> = \u22124.03, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although the vasovagal reaction has traditionally been viewed as a primarily cardiovascular event, the present results suggest that hyperventilation also plays a role in the development of vasovagal symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n          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