{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:18:22Z","timestamp":1791764302922,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although prosthetic hand rejection rates remain high, evidence suggests that effective training plays a major role in device acceptance. Receiving training early in the rehabilitation process also enhances functional prosthetic use, decreases the likelihood of developing an overreliance on the intact limb, and reduces amputation-related pain. Despite these obvious benefits, there is a current lack of evidence regarding the most effective training techniques to facilitate myoelectric prosthetic hand control, and it remains unknown whether training is effective in facilitating the acquisition and transfer of prosthetic skill. In this scoping review, we introduced and summarized key motor learning principles related to attentional focus, implicit motor learning, training eye\u2013hand coordination, practice variability, motor imagery, and action observation, and virtual training and biofeedback. We then reviewed the existing literature that has applied these principles for training prosthetic hand control before outlining future avenues for further research. The importance of optimizing early and appropriate training cannot be overlooked. While the intuition and experience of clinicians holds enormous value, evidence-based guidelines based on well-established motor learning principles will also be crucial for training effective prosthetic hand control. While it is clear that more research is needed to form the basis of such guidelines, it is hoped that this review highlights the potential avenues for this work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/pxr.0000000000000083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T15:00:18Z","timestamp":1640098818000},"page":"274-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A scoping review of the application of motor learning principles to optimize myoelectric prosthetic hand control"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3096-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny V. V.","family":"Parr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester UK"},{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9568-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester UK"},{"name":"Research Centre for Health, Psychology and Communities, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5371-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liis","family":"Uiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester UK"},{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester UK"},{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Omar","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester UK"},{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0851-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester UK"},{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250822","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current rates of prosthetic usage in upper-limb amputees\u2014have innovations had an impact on device acceptance?","author":"Salminger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"R2-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002205","article-title":"Cross-sectional international multicenter study on quality of life and reasons for abandonment of upper limb prostheses","volume":"7","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"R3-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620957920","article-title":"Longitudinal study of prosthesis use in veterans with upper limb amputation","volume":"45","author":"Resnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"R4-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0b013e31817ecb16","article-title":"Overuse syndrome and the unilateral upper limb amputee: consequences and prevention","volume":"20","author":"Gambrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"JPO J Prosthetics Orthot"},{"key":"R5-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600994581","article-title":"Upper limb prosthesis use and abandonment: a survey of the last 25 years","volume":"31","author":"Biddiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"R6-20250822","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comfort and function remain key factors in upper limb prosthetic abandonment: findings of a scoping review","author":"Smail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"R7-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0044-2","article-title":"Surveying the interest of individuals with upper limb loss in novel prosthetic control techniques","volume":"12","author":"Engdahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil"},{"key":"R8-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.12.68","article-title":"Sensory feedback in upper limb prosthetics","volume":"10","author":"Antfolk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expet Rev Med Dev"},{"key":"R9-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204596","article-title":"Real-time EMG based pattern recognition control for hand prostheses: A review on existing methods, challenges and future implementation","volume":"19","author":"Parajuli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"R11-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0b013e31817c59fb","article-title":"The use of preparatory\/evaluation\/training prostheses in developing evidenced-based practice in upper limb prosthetics","volume":"20","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"JPO J Prosthetics Orthot"},{"key":"R12-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2005.10.004","article-title":"Progressive upper limb prosthetics","volume":"17","author":"Lake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin"},{"key":"R13-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.541973","article-title":"Adult acquired major upper limb amputation in Norway: prevalence, demographic features and amputation specific features. A population-based survey","volume":"33","author":"\u00d8stlie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"R14-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640701838190","article-title":"Considerations for developing an evidenced-based practice in orthotics and prosthetics","volume":"32","author":"Ramstrand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"R15-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-16","article-title":"Changes in performance over time while learning to use a myoelectric prosthesis","volume":"11","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2014","journal-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil"},{"key":"R16-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.09.0179","article-title":"Determining skill level in myoelectric prosthesis use with multiple outcome measures","volume":"49","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"R17-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1091858","article-title":"The inclination for conscious motor control after stroke: validating the Movement-Specific Reinvestment Scale for use in inpatient stroke patients","volume":"38","author":"Kal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"R18-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306290728","article-title":"Duration of parkinson disease is associated with an increased propensity for \u201creinvestment\u201d","volume":"21","author":"Masters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation Neural Repair"},{"key":"R19-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0524-x","article-title":"Visual attention, EEG alpha power and T7-Fz connectivity are implicated in prosthetic hand control and can be optimized through gaze training","volume":"16","author":"Parr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil"},{"key":"R20-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.723728","article-title":"Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years","volume":"6","author":"Wulf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"R21-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196201","article-title":"Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: a review","volume":"8","author":"Wulf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"R22-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200902795323","article-title":"Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf","volume":"21","author":"Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Sport Psychol"},{"key":"R23-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2017.122.22","article-title":"The effect of attentional focus in balancing tasks: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc"},{"key":"R24-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/00222890903228421","article-title":"Increased jump height with an external focus due to enhanced lower extremity joint kinetics","volume":"41","author":"Wulf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R25-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b8d1e5","article-title":"Attentional focusing instructions influence force production and muscular activity during isokinetic elbow flexions","volume":"23","author":"Marchant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Strength Condit Res"},{"key":"R26-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102140","article-title":"Serious gaming to generate separated and consistent EMG patterns in pattern-recognition prosthesis control","volume":"62","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"R27-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00831-5","article-title":"User training for machine learning controlled upper limb prostheses: a serious game approach","volume":"18","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil"},{"key":"R28-20250822","first-page":"274","article-title":"Gait stability in older adults during level-ground walking: the attentional focus approach","volume":"75","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B"},{"key":"R29-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2012.05.009","article-title":"Thinking about muscles: The neuromuscular effects of attentional focus on accuracy and fatigue","volume":"140","author":"Lohse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"R30-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2011.555436","article-title":"Neuromuscular effects of shifting the focus of attention in a simple force production task","volume":"43","author":"Lohse","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R31-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12807","article-title":"Adopting an external focus of attention alters intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex","volume":"220","author":"Kuhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"R32-20250822","first-page":"e55771","article-title":"Intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex can be modulated by changing the focus of attention","volume":"127","author":"Kuhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"JoVE J Vis Exp"},{"key":"R34-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02446.x","article-title":"Knowledge, knerves and know-how: the role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure","volume":"83","author":"Masters","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"R35-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/17509840802287218","article-title":"The theory of reinvestment","volume":"1","author":"Masters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"R36-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.02.020","article-title":"Fundamental movement skills and physical activity among children with and without cerebral palsy","volume":"33","author":"Capio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R37-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/713756014","article-title":"The implicit benefit of learning without errors","volume":"54","author":"Maxwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol Sect A"},{"key":"R38-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2006.06.008","article-title":"Passing thoughts on the evolutionary stability of implicit motor behaviour: performance retention under physiological fatigue","volume":"16","author":"Poolton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"key":"R39-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2012.01535.x","article-title":"Reduction of errors during practice facilitates fundamental movement skill learning in children with intellectual disabilities","volume":"57","author":"Capio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"R40-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1360403","article-title":"Explicit and implicit motor learning in children with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"40","author":"van der Kamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"R41-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.49.1.79","article-title":"Implicit motor learning in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Masters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rehabil Psychol"},{"key":"R42-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.3.369","article-title":"Motor learning of a dynamic balancing task after stroke: implicit implications for stroke rehabilitation","volume":"86","author":"Orrell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"R43-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2017.1341376","article-title":"Intact procedural knowledge in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence from golf putting","volume":"50","author":"Chauvel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R44-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.08.008","article-title":"The influence of errors during practice on motor learning in young individuals with cerebral palsy","volume":"45-46","author":"van Abswoude","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R45-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215509353270","article-title":"Errorless learning is superior to trial and error when learning a practical skill in rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Donaghey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"R46-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410152006081","article-title":"Analogy learning: a means to implicit motor learning","volume":"19","author":"Liao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"R47-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.08.002","article-title":"Attention and time constraints in perceptual-motor learning and performance: instruction, analogy, and skill level","volume":"20","author":"Koedijker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conscious Cognit"},{"key":"R48-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.31.3.337","article-title":"Analogy learning and the performance of motor skills under pressure","volume":"31","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"R49-20250822","first-page":"522","article-title":"Effects of instructions on performance outcome and movement patterns for novices and experts in table tennis","volume":"43","author":"Schlapkohl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sport Psychol"},{"key":"R50-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215518816359","article-title":"The immediate influence of implicit motor learning strategies on spatiotemporal gait parameters in stroke patients: a randomized within-subjects design","volume":"33","author":"Kleynen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"R51-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2016.23.3.123","article-title":"Analogy learning in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"23","author":"Jie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Ther Rehabil"},{"key":"R52-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2017.1363703","article-title":"Examining the spatiotemporal disruption to gaze when using a myoelectric prosthetic hand","volume":"50","author":"Parr","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R53-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29503-6","article-title":"Upper limb activity in myoelectric prosthesis users is biased towards the intact limb and appears unrelated to goal-directed task performance","volume":"8","author":"Chadwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R54-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523808080899","article-title":"Vision, eye movements, and natural behavior","volume":"26","author":"Land","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"R55-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8833","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2658-05.2005","article-title":"Eye\u2013hand coordination during learning of a novel visuomotor task","volume":"25","author":"Sailer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R56-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.02.002","article-title":"Cheating experience: guiding novices to adopt the gaze strategies of experts expedites the learning of technical laparoscopic skills","volume":"152","author":"Vine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"R57-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32001-4","article-title":"Behavioral performance and visual strategies during skill acquisition using a novel tool use motor learning task","volume":"8","author":"Bosch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R58-20250822","first-page":"7","article-title":"The reality of myoelectric prostheses: understanding what makes these devices difficult for some users to control","author":"Chadwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurorob"},{"key":"R59-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82764-6","article-title":"Addressing unpredictability may be the key to improving performance with current clinically prescribed myoelectric prostheses","volume":"11","author":"Chadwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R60-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-011-1802-2","article-title":"Gaze training enhances laparoscopic technical skill acquisition and multi-tasking performance: a randomized, controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"R61-20250822","first-page":"1","article-title":"EEG correlates of verbal and conscious processing of motor control in sport and human movement: a systematic review","author":"Parr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"R62-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.5.2.179","article-title":"Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill","volume":"5","author":"Shea","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol [Hum Learn]"},{"key":"R64-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000530","article-title":"Contextual interference effect on perceptual-cognitive skills training","volume":"47","author":"Broadbent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"R65-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1854","article-title":"Neural substrates of contextual interference during motor learning support a model of active preparation","volume":"19","author":"Cross","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cognit Neurosci"},{"key":"R66-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2010.492720","article-title":"Neural correlates of the contextual interference effect in motor learning: a transcranial magnetic stimulation investigation","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R67-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200307000-00006","article-title":"The role of variability in practice structure when learning to use an upper-extremity prosthesis","volume":"15","author":"Weeks","year":"2003","journal-title":"JPO J Prosthetics Orthot"},{"key":"R68-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.12.046","article-title":"The role of order of practice in learning to handle an upper-limb prosthesis","volume":"89","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R69-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X07076876","article-title":"The contextual interference effect in applied settings","volume":"13","author":"Barreiros","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Phys Educ Rev"},{"key":"R70-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.36.2.212-224","article-title":"Challenge point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning","volume":"36","author":"Guadagnoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R71-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1997.10608017","article-title":"A comparison of three practice schedules along the contextual interference continuum","volume":"68","author":"Landin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"R72-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.502946","article-title":"Systematically increasing contextual interference is beneficial for learning sport skills","volume":"28","author":"Porter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"R73-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.107.2.407-418","article-title":"Win-shift, lose-stay: contingent switching and contextual Interference in motor learning","volume":"107","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"R74-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1611931","article-title":"Learner-adapted practice promotes skill transfer in unskilled adults learning the basketball set shot","volume":"20","author":"Porter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"R75-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.4.907","article-title":"Metacognition in motor learning","volume":"27","author":"Simon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"R76-20250822","first-page":"11","article-title":"A direct comparison of the effects of imagery and action observation on hitting performance","volume":"79","author":"Neuman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Sport Sci - Sci Mot"},{"key":"R77-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00104","article-title":"An emerging paradigm: a strength-based approach to exploring mental imagery","volume":"7","author":"Macintyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R78-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0832","article-title":"Neural simulation of action: A unifying mechanism for motor cognition","volume":"14","author":"Jeannerod","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R79-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112","article-title":"ALE meta-analysis of action observation and imitation in the human brain","volume":"50","author":"Caspers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R80-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of action: Comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution","volume":"94","author":"Hardwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"R81-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.40.5.433-445","article-title":"A Neuroscientific review of imagery and observation use in sport","volume":"40","author":"Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R82-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.043","article-title":"Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke","volume":"36","author":"Ertelt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R83-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130185","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0185","article-title":"Action observation treatment: a novel tool in neurorehabilitation","volume":"369","author":"Buccino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"R84-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2019.103570","article-title":"Combined action observation and motor imagery facilitates visuomotor adaptation in children with developmental coordination disorder","volume":"98","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R85-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3904-2","article-title":"Motor performance benefits of matched limb imitation in prosthesis users","volume":"232","author":"Cusack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"R86-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.015","article-title":"Implicit development of gaze strategies support motor improvements during action encoding training of prosthesis use","volume":"127","author":"Bayani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"R88-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00514","article-title":"Motor imagery during action observation: a brief review of evidence, theory and future research opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Eaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"R89-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2019.1626337","article-title":"Combining action observation and motor imagery improves eye\u2013hand coordination during novel visuomotor task performance","volume":"52","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"R90-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0890(97)90034-7","article-title":"Prosthetic management and training of adult upper limb amputees","volume":"11","author":"Dakpa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr Orthop"},{"key":"R91-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137161","article-title":"Virtual training of the myosignal","volume":"10","author":"Terlaak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R92-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0047-z","article-title":"EMG Biofeedback for online predictive control of grasping force in a myoelectric prosthesis","volume":"12","author":"Dosen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J NeuroEng Rehabil"},{"key":"R93-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.025","article-title":"Learning to control opening and closing a myoelectric hand","volume":"91","author":"Bouwsema","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R94-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.07.0127","article-title":"Using virtual reality environment to facilitate training with advanced upper-limb prosthesis","volume":"48","author":"Resnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"R95-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00091","article-title":"Development of a physics-based target shooting game to train amputee users of multijoint upper limb prostheses","volume":"21","author":"Davoodi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ"},{"key":"R96-20250822","first-page":"1729881417728452","article-title":"A virtual myoelectric prosthesis training system capable of providing instructions on hand operations","volume":"14","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Adv Rob Syst"},{"key":"R97-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23736","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2766174","article-title":"Effects of using virtual reality and virtual avatar on hand motion reconstruction accuracy and brain activity","volume":"5","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"R98-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00785","article-title":"Virtual integration environment as an advanced prosthetic limb training platform","volume":"9","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R100-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/17483100701714733","article-title":"Consumer design priorities for upper limb prosthetics","volume":"2","author":"Biddiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"R101-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2009.03.0027","article-title":"Unilateral upper-limb loss: satisfaction and prosthetic-device use in veterans and servicemembers from Vietnam and OIF\/OEF conflicts","volume":"47","author":"McFarland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"R102-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364619895201","article-title":"Prosthesis satisfaction in a national sample of Veterans with upper limb amputation","volume":"44","author":"Resnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"R103-20250822","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors influencing perceived function in the upper limb prosthesis user population","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"R104-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2759762","article-title":"Usability comparison of conventional direct control versus pattern recognition control of transradial prostheses","volume":"47","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Hum-Mach Syst"},{"key":"R105-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112091","article-title":"A simple ERP method for quantitative analysis of cognitive workload in myoelectric prosthesis control and human-machine interaction","volume":"9","author":"Deeny","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R106-20250822","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis3020012","article-title":"Co-creation facilitates translational research on upper limb prosthetics","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prosthesis"}],"container-title":["Prosthetics &amp; Orthotics International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T17:00:43Z","timestamp":1755882043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/PXR.0000000000000083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pxr.0000000000000083","relation":{},"ISSN":["0309-3646","1746-1553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0309-3646","type":"print"},{"value":"1746-1553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-06","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}