{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:11:33Z","timestamp":1761844293001},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Supplement 1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0000000000000036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T12:36:26Z","timestamp":1380717386000},"page":"S35-S43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Assessing the effect of hormonal contraception on HIV acquisition in observational data"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Chelsea B.","family":"Polis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Westreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Balkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Heffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70254-7","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and HIV: an unanswered question.","volume":"12","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60478-4","article-title":"Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries.","volume":"380","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R5-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.08.013","article-title":"Provision of DMPA by community health workers: what the evidence shows.","volume":"83","author":"Malarcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"R6-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70155-5","article-title":"Use of hormonal contraceptives and HIV acquisition in women: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence.","volume":"13","author":"Polis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R7-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R8-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology.","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R10-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence.","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R11-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835da401","article-title":"Oral and injectable contraception use and risk of HIV acquisition among women in the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) study.","volume":"27","author":"McCoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R12-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70153-6","article-title":"Authors reply: use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission.","volume":"12","author":"Heffron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31827e818a","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive continuation and switching in South Africa: implications for evaluating the association of injectable hormonal contraceptive use and HIV.","volume":"62","author":"Smit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R15-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl251","article-title":"Prospective study of hormonal contraception and womens risk of HIV infection in South Africa.","volume":"36","author":"Myer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R16-5-20210130","first-page":"79","article-title":"How are condoms used in a family planning setting: evidence from Zimbabwe.","volume":"51","author":"Magwali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"R17-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101050-00013","article-title":"Factors associated with HIV-1 infection among sex workers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","volume":"15","author":"Aklilu","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R18-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31816b3208","article-title":"Consistent condom use in married Zimbabwean women after a condom intervention.","volume":"35","author":"Callegari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Trans Dis"},{"key":"R19-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.13.3.252.19745","article-title":"Consistent condom use with different types of partners: evidence from two Nigerian surveys.","volume":"13","author":"Van Rossem","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"R20-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2307\/2991611","article-title":"Condom use among women choosing long-term hormonal contraception.","volume":"30","author":"Cushman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fam Plann Persp"},{"key":"R22-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280117c8b","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition.","volume":"21","author":"Morrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R23-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181bc4869","article-title":"Pregnancy, contraceptive use, and HIV acquisition in HPTN 039: relevance for HIV prevention trials among African women.","volume":"53","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R24-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833a2537","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition: reanalysis using marginal structural modeling.","volume":"24","author":"Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R25-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834fa13d","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition among women in South Africa.","volume":"26","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R26-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70247-X","article-title":"Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"12","author":"Heffron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R27-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-010-0184-x","article-title":"Using directed acyclic graphs to detect limitations of traditional regression in longitudinal studies.","volume":"55","author":"Moodie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"R30-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/82.4.669","article-title":"Causal diagrams for empirical research.","volume":"82","author":"Pearl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"R31-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research.","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R34-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818f69ce","article-title":"Marginal structural models for the estimation of direct and indirect effects.","volume":"20","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R35-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.163","article-title":"Fallibility in estimating direct effects.","volume":"31","author":"Cole","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R36-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/429403","article-title":"Multipurpose prevention technologies: biomedical tools to prevent HIV-1, HSV-2, and unintended pregnancies.","volume":"2011","author":"Thurman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R37-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.668183","article-title":"Drug delivery in multiple indication (multipurpose) prevention technologies: systems to prevent HIV-1 transmission and unintended pregnancies or HSV-2 transmission.","volume":"9","author":"Friend","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Opin Drug Delivery"},{"key":"R38-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835a5a52","article-title":"Modelling the global competing risks of a potential interaction between injectable hormonal contraception and HIV risk.","volume":"27","author":"Butler","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R39-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.5.955-958.2001","article-title":"Detection of Y chromosome DNA as evidence of semen in cervicovaginal secretions of sexually active women.","volume":"8","author":"Chomont","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"R40-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9602-6","article-title":"Biological validation of self-reported condom use among sex workers in Guinea.","volume":"14","author":"Aho","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"R41-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq114","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative interviewing tools to investigate self-reported HIV and STI associated behaviours in low- and middle-income countries.","volume":"39","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R44-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67481-8","article-title":"Increased risk of incident HIV during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda: a prospective study.","volume":"366","author":"Gray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R46-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.11.004","article-title":"Highly effective contraception and acquisition of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.","volume":"23","author":"Morrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R47-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh044","article-title":"Condom effectiveness for reducing transmission of gonorrhea and chlamydia: the importance of assessing partner infection status.","volume":"159","author":"Warner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R48-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology.","volume":"11","author":"Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R49-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00012","article-title":"Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men.","volume":"11","author":"Hernan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R50-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp334","article-title":"Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider.","volume":"39","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R52-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5316","article-title":"The parametric g-formula to estimate the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incident AIDS or death.","volume":"31","author":"Westreich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R53-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp192","article-title":"Intervening on risk factors for coronary heart disease: an application of the parametric g-formula.","volume":"38","author":"Taubman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R54-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1064","article-title":"Structural accelerated failure time models for survival analysis in studies with time-varying treatments.","volume":"14","author":"Hernan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety"},{"key":"R55-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199207000-00007","article-title":"G-estimation of the effect of prophylaxis therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on the survival of AIDS patients.","volume":"3","author":"Robins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R56-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164","article-title":"Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models.","volume":"168","author":"Cole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R57-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182319910","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and HIV risk: evaluating marginal-structural-model assumptions.","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"R58-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg206","article-title":"Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural models.","volume":"158","author":"Cole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R59-5-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5317","article-title":"A simulation study of finite-sample properties of marginal structural Cox proportional hazards models.","volume":"31","author":"Westreich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Med"}],"container-title":["AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000036","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T05:55:30Z","timestamp":1620971730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002030-201310001-00005"}},"subtitle":["challenges and recommended analytic approaches"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0000000000000036","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-9370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-9370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}}}