{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:52:16Z","timestamp":1790898736310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0b013e328013d9b5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,12]],"date-time":"2007-02-12T04:05:02Z","timestamp":1171253102000},"page":"467-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["PRO 2000 elicits a decline in genital tract immune mediators without compromising intrinsic antimicrobial activity"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marla J","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Hazrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kasowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Cheshenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvan","family":"Wallenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander M","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert T","family":"Profy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R","family":"Wira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Hogarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsy C","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199804000-00013","article-title":"Safety evaluation of nonoxynol-9 gel in women at low risk of HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"Van Damme","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R2-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200001070-00010","article-title":"Safety of multiple daily applications of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, among female sex workers. COL-1492 Phase II Study Group","volume":"14","author":"Van Damme","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R3-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11079-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of COL-1492, a nonoxynol-9 vaginal gel, on HIV-1 transmission in female sex workers: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Van Damme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R4-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1086\/322047","article-title":"The molecular basis of nonoxynol-9-induced vaginal inflammation and its possible relevance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission","volume":"184","author":"Fichorova","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R5-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(02)00020-5","article-title":"The balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra in disease","volume":"13","author":"Arend","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"R6-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.9.3501","article-title":"Modulation of endogenous IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist results in opposing effects on HIV expression in chronically infected monocytic cells","volume":"156","author":"Goletti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R7-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401607","article-title":"Interleukin 1 induces HIV-1 expression in chronically infected U1 cells: blockade by interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor binding protein type 1","volume":"1","author":"Granowitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"R8-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199910220-00003","article-title":"HIV-1 exposed dendritic cells show increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production but reduced IL-1ra following lipopolysaccharide stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Lore","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R9-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.4.1201","article-title":"In vitro effect of transforming growth factor-beta on progression of HIV-1 infection in primary mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"147","author":"Lazdins","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R10-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13046","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.13046-13052.2004","article-title":"Cell-type-dependent effect of transforming growth factor beta, a major cytokine in breast milk, on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells or macrophages","volume":"78","author":"Moriuchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R11-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118056","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a human saliva protein exhibiting anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 activity in vitro","volume":"96","author":"McNeely","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R12-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1086\/497168","article-title":"Cervicovaginal secretions contribute to innate resistance to herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"192","author":"John","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6777","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.12.6777-6784.2003","article-title":"CAF-mediated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 transcriptional inhibition is distinct from alpha-defensin-1 HIV inhibition","volume":"77","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R14-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F39","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200311070-00001","article-title":"Human epithelial beta-defensins 2 and 3 inhibit HIV-1 replication","volume":"17","author":"Quinones-Mateu","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R15-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.515","article-title":"Activity of alpha- and theta-defensins against primary isolates of HIV-1","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R16-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5147","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5147-5156.2004","article-title":"Theta defensins protect cells from infection by herpes simplex virus by inhibiting viral adhesion and entry","volume":"78","author":"Yasin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R17-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.2025-2036.2004","article-title":"Candidate topical microbicides bind herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B and prevent viral entry and cell-to-cell spread","volume":"48","author":"Cheshenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R18-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.9.3607-3615.2005","article-title":"Candidate sulfonated and sulfated topical microbicides: comparison of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities and mechanisms of action","volume":"49","author":"Scordi-Bello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R19-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200010200-00002","article-title":"The use of colposcopy in assessing vaginal irritation in research","volume":"14","author":"Mauck","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R20-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1086\/498533","article-title":"PRO 2000 gel inhibits HIV and herpes simplex virus infection following vaginal application: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"193","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R21-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7560","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.11.7560","article-title":"Cationic polypeptides are required for anti-HIV-1 activity of human vaginal fluid","volume":"175","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R22-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199711000-00005","article-title":"A potent activator of HIV-1 replication is present in the genital tract of a subset of HIV-1-infected and uninfected women","volume":"11","author":"Spear","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R23-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1086\/314444","article-title":"A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-inducing factor from the female genital tract activates HIV-1 gene expression through the kappaB enhancer","volume":"178","author":"Al-Harthi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000159671.25950.74","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo: the story of nonoxynol 9","volume":"39","author":"Hillier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R25-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1433-1441.2006","article-title":"Human beta-defensin 2 induces a vigorous cytokine response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"50","author":"Boniotto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R26-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511044200","article-title":"NOD2\/CARD15 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin-2","volume":"281","author":"Voss","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R27-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.992","article-title":"Innate immunity in the human female reproductive tract: antiviral response of uterine epithelial cells to the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C)","volume":"174","author":"Schaefer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R28-9-20210130","first-page":"292","article-title":"IgG and IgA content of vaginal fluid during the menstrual cycle","volume":"34","author":"Usala","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"R29-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00536-0","article-title":"Mucosal immunity of the adolescent female genital tract","volume":"32","author":"Shrier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"R30-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8658","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.12.8658","article-title":"Human {alpha}- and beta-defensins block multiple steps in herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"177","author":"Hazrati","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R31-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.125280","article-title":"Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid","volume":"187","author":"Valore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R32-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000222075.83490.ca","article-title":"Direct measurement of in-vivo vaginal microbicide levels of PRO 2000 achieved in a human safety study","volume":"20","author":"Lacey","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328013d9b5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T16:20:02Z","timestamp":1786033202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002030-200702190-00009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0b013e328013d9b5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-9370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-9370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]]}}}