{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:37:46Z","timestamp":1791196666668,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0b013e328285df98","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,3]],"date-time":"2009-03-03T18:35:52Z","timestamp":1236105352000},"page":"2323-2332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Sexual network structure and the spread of HIV in Africa: evidence from Likoma Island, Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Helleringer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304110-00015","article-title":"From people to places: focusing AIDS prevention efforts where it matters most","volume":"17","author":"Weir","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R2-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200110190-00016","article-title":"The development of the HIV epidemic in Karonga district, Malawi","volume":"15","author":"Glynn","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R3-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.020933","article-title":"Estimation of the sexual transmission of HIV in Kenya and Uganda on the Trans-Africa Highway: the continuing role for prevention in high risk groups","volume":"82","author":"Morris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R4-9-20210130","first-page":"iii26","article-title":"Clients of sex workers in different regions of the world: hard to count","volume":"82","author":"Carael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R5-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.011940","article-title":"Male clients of brothel prostitutes as a bridge for HIV infection between high risk and low risk groups of women in Senegal","volume":"81","author":"Gomes do Espirito Santo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R6-9-20210130","first-page":"51","article-title":"Short term estimates of adult HIV incidence by mode of transmission: Kenya and Thailand as examples","volume":"82","author":"Gouws","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R7-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.Supplement_2.S201","article-title":"The dynamic topology of sexually transmitted disease epidemics: implications for prevention strategies","volume":"174","author":"Wasserheit","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R8-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.suppl_1.i183","article-title":"Populations, pathogens, and epidemic phases: closing the gap between theory and practice in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"78","author":"Blanchard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R9-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.suppl_1.i1","article-title":"Phase specific approaches to the epidemiology and prevention of sexually transmitted disease","volume":"78","author":"Aral","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R10-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1086\/425277","article-title":"Determinants and consequences of sexual networks as they affect the spread of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"191","author":"Doherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08780-9","article-title":"Sexual mixing patterns and sex-differentials in teenage exposure to HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"359","author":"Gregson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R12-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200304010-00016","article-title":"Age differences in sexual partners and risk of HIV-1 infection in rural Uganda","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R13-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg111","article-title":"Mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of West Africa","volume":"32","author":"Lagarde","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R14-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1086\/425270","article-title":"Patterns of movement and risk of HIV infection in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"191","author":"Coffee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R15-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000210615.83330.b2","article-title":"Mobility and HIV in Tanzanian couples: both mobile persons and their partners show increased risk","volume":"20","author":"Kishamawe","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R16-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199705000-00012","article-title":"Concurrent partnerships and the spread of HIV","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R17-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200105040-00008","article-title":"Concurrent sexual partnerships and HIV prevalence in five urban communities of sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"15","author":"Lagarde","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R18-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200406000-00012","article-title":"Scale-free networks and sexually transmitted diseases: a description of observed patterns of sexual contacts in Britain and Zimbabwe","volume":"31","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R19-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/423605a","article-title":"Sexual contacts and epidemic thresholds","volume":"423","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R20-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2003.09.006","article-title":"Likelihood-based inference for stochastic models of sexual network formation","volume":"65","author":"Handcock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theoret Popul Biol"},{"key":"R21-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20614","article-title":"Network of sexual contacts and sexually transmitted HIV infection in Burkina Faso","volume":"78","author":"Latora","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R22-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199611000-00011","article-title":"Sexual partner networks in the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases: an analysis of gonorrhea cases in Sheffield, UK","volume":"23","author":"Ghani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R23-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199812000-00016","article-title":"Social network dynamics and HIV transmission","volume":"12","author":"Rothenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R24-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1086\/427661","article-title":"Identification of networks of sexually transmitted infection: a molecular, geographic, and social network analysis","volume":"191","author":"Wylie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R25-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1086\/386272","article-title":"Chains of affection: the structure of adolescent romantic and sexual networks","volume":"110","author":"Bearman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"R27-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980930)17:18<2079::AID-SIM902>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Sampling biases and missing data in explorations of sexual partner networks for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases","volume":"17","author":"Ghani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R28-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5365.847","article-title":"Technology, experimentation, and the quality of survey data","volume":"280","author":"Bloom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R29-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2003.0017","article-title":"The reporting of sensitive behavior among adolescents: a methodological experiment in Kenya","volume":"40","author":"Mensch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"R30-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2003.0013","article-title":"HIV and population dynamics: a general model and maximum-likelihood standards for East Africa","volume":"40","author":"Heuveline","year":"2003","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"R32-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","article-title":"Social network analysis: methods and applications","author":"Wasserman","year":"1994"},{"key":"R33-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511806452","article-title":"Exploratory social network analysis with Pajek","author":"De Nooy","year":"2005"},{"key":"R34-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2002.0056","article-title":"The importance of relationship timing for diffusion","volume":"81","author":"Moody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"R35-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/35082140","article-title":"The web of human sexual contacts","volume":"411","author":"Liljeros","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R36-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16128","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.66.016128","article-title":"Spread of epidemic disease on networks","volume":"66","author":"Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R37-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.suppl_1.i159","article-title":"Risk network structure in the early epidemic phase of HIV transmission in Colorado Springs","volume":"78","author":"Potterat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R38-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462961917906","article-title":"AIDS in rural Africa: a paradigm for HIV-1 prevention","volume":"7","author":"Hudson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R39-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203762869142","article-title":"Mounting anomalies in the epidemiology of HIV in Africa: cry the beloved paradigm","volume":"14","author":"Brewer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R40-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/08898480009525478","article-title":"A microsimulation study of the effect of concurrent partnerships on the spread of HIV in Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Math Popul Stud"},{"key":"R41-9-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(99)00018-0","article-title":"Forgetting of friends and its effects on measuring friendship networks","volume":"21","author":"Brewer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Netw"}],"container-title":["AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328285df98","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:46:12Z","timestamp":1786038372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002030-200711120-00009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0b013e328285df98","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-9370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-9370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}}}