{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:09:38Z","timestamp":1786118978691,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,14]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0b013e32831cc114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,19]],"date-time":"2008-12-19T03:15:35Z","timestamp":1229656535000},"page":"203-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Inferiority of IL-2 alone versus IL-2 with HAART in maintaining CD4 T cell counts during HAART interruption: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Brian O","family":"Porter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara B","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris E","family":"Keh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Maldarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C","family":"Blackwelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Clifford","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard T","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irini","family":"Sereti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301","article-title":"Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators","volume":"338","author":"Palella","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R2-7-20210130","first-page":"2653","article-title":"AIDS-related opportunistic illness and potent antiretroviral therapy","volume":"283","author":"Ledergerber","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03201-2","article-title":"Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. EuroSIDA Study Group","volume":"352","author":"Mocroft","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R4-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31811ec780","article-title":"Liver enzymes elevation and immune reconstitution among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients instituting antiretroviral therapy","volume":"334","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"R5-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041811","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and body-fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults","volume":"352","author":"Grinspoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R6-7-20210130","first-page":"23S","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"118","author":"Grinspoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R7-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200402200-00010","article-title":"Effect of prolonged discontinuation of successful antiretroviral therapy on CD4 T cells: a controlled, prospective trial","volume":"18","author":"Maggiolo","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R8-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69153-8","article-title":"CD4-guided scheduled treatment interruptions compared with continuous therapy for patients infected with HIV-1: results of the Staccato randomised trial","volume":"368","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R9-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F33","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200310170-00001","article-title":"Failures of 1 week on, 1 week off antiretroviral therapies in a randomized trial","volume":"17","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R10-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68887-9","article-title":"CD4-guided structured antiretroviral treatment interruption strategy in HIV-infected adults in west Africa (Trivacan ANRS 1269 trial): a randomised trial","volume":"367","author":"Danel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R11-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062360","article-title":"CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment","volume":"355","author":"El-Sadr","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R12-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282ed6338","article-title":"Risk of cancers during interrupted antiretroviral therapy in the SMART study","volume":"21","author":"Silverberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R13-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1086\/421775","article-title":"CD4 cell response to 3 doses of subcutaneous interleukin 2: meta-analysis of 3 Vanguard studies","volume":"39","author":"Arduino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3283","article-title":"Induction and maintenance therapy with intermittent interleukin-2 in HIV-1 infection","volume":"103","author":"Farel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R15-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10712","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162352399","article-title":"Increased peripheral expansion of naive CD4+ T cells in vivo after IL-2 treatment of patients with HIV infection","volume":"99","author":"Natarajan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"R16-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23196","article-title":"Induction of prolonged survival of CD4+ T lymphocytes by intermittent IL-2 therapy in HIV-infected patients","volume":"115","author":"Kovacs","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R17-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4355","article-title":"IL-2-induced CD4+ T-cell expansion in HIV-infected patients is associated with long-term decreases in T-cell proliferation","volume":"104","author":"Sereti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R18-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200105)31:5<1351::AID-IMMU1351>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Interleukin-2 induced immune effects in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving intermittent interleukin-2 immunotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Kovacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"R19-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24307","article-title":"In vivo expansion of CD4(+)CD45RO(\u2212)CD25(+) T cells expressing foxP3 in IL-2-treated HIV-infected patients","volume":"115","author":"Sereti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R20-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.6.2159","article-title":"Long-term effects of intermittent interleukin 2 therapy in patients with HIV infection: characterization of a novel subset of CD4(+)\/CD25(+) T cells","volume":"100","author":"Sereti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R21-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1310\/4733-ACQF-F3P4-2QAC","article-title":"Evaluation of Subcutaneous Proleukin (interleukin-2) in a Randomized International Trial (ESPRIT): geographical and gender differences in the baseline characteristics of participants","volume":"7","author":"Pett","year":"2006","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials"},{"key":"R22-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(01)00179-9","article-title":"The evaluation of subcutaneous proleukin (interleukin-2) in a randomized international trial: rationale, design, and methods of ESPRIT","volume":"23","author":"Emery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"R23-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282703825","article-title":"Long-term effects of intermittent interleukin-2 therapy in chronic HIV-infected patients (ANRS 048-079 Trials)","volume":"21","author":"Durier","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R24-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200302140-00008","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-2 therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune restoration in HIV-1 infection: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R25-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.2.183","article-title":"Immunologic and virologic effects of subcutaneous interleukin 2 in combination with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"284","author":"Davey","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R26-7-20210130","first-page":"279","article-title":"Immunological and virological efficacy of a therapeutic immunization combined with interleukin-2 in chronically HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"19","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R27-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1086\/509508","article-title":"A randomized, partially blinded phase 2 trial of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-specific immunizations, and interleukin-2 cycles to promote efficient control of viral replication (ACTG A5024)","volume":"194","author":"Kilby","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R28-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000225319.59652.1e","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating time to CD4 T-cell count <350 cells\/mm(3) after treatment interruption following antiretroviral therapy \u00b1 interleukin 2: results of ACTG A5102","volume":"42","author":"Henry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R29-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000206502.24407.9f","article-title":"Interruption of antiretroviral therapy blunts but does not abrogate CD4 T-cell responses to interleukin-2 administration in HIV infected patients","volume":"20","author":"Keh","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R30-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pctr.0010003","article-title":"A Randomised Trial of Subcutaneous Intermittent Interleukin-2 without Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients: the UK-Vanguard Study","volume":"1","author":"Youle","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Clin Trials"},{"key":"R31-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503023320904","article-title":"Increases in CD4 T lymphocytes with intermittent courses of interleukin-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A preliminary study","volume":"332","author":"Kovacs","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R32-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1086\/513971","article-title":"Subcutaneous administration of interleukin-2 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected persons","volume":"175","author":"Davey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R33-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1312","article-title":"Lymphopenia and interleukin-2 therapy alter homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R34-7-20210130","first-page":"847","article-title":"General immunologic evaluation of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection","author":"Stevens","year":"2006"},{"key":"R35-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.172","article-title":"Visceral and subcutaneous adiposity measurements in adults: influence of measurement site","volume":"15","author":"Ellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"R36-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004053221401","article-title":"Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","volume":"322","author":"Volberding","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R37-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018451930750","article-title":"Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV)","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"R38-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00003","article-title":"Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycin-primaquine. ACTG 108 Study Group","volume":"124","author":"Safrin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R39-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2307\/2532084","article-title":"Approximate interval estimation of the difference in binomial parameters: correction for skewness and extension to multiple tables","volume":"46","author":"Gart","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"R40-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1086\/314678","article-title":"A randomized trial of high- versus low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 outpatient therapy for early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","volume":"179","author":"Davey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R42-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.6.597","article-title":"The virologic, immunologic, and clinical effects of interleukin 2 with potent antiretroviral therapy in patients with moderately advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized controlled clinical trial \u2013 AIDS Clinical Trials Group 328","volume":"167","author":"Mitsuyasu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R43-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.2665-2674.2006","article-title":"Naive T-cell dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy provide insights into the mechanisms of naive T-cell depletion","volume":"80","author":"Di Mascio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R44-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200306010-00002","article-title":"Incomplete CD4 T cell recovery in HIV-1 infection after 12 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with ongoing increased CD4 T cell activation and turnover","volume":"33","author":"Anthony","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R45-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/524143","article-title":"Relationship between T cell activation and CD4+ T cell count in HIV-seropositive individuals with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels in the absence of therapy","volume":"197","author":"Hunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R46-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.12.1731","article-title":"Identification of dynamically distinct subpopulations of T lymphocytes that are differentially affected by HIV","volume":"194","author":"Kovacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R47-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1086\/320758","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus: implications for immune-based therapies","volume":"32","author":"Sereti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R48-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.12.1498","article-title":"Predictive value of plasma HIV RNA level on rate of CD4 T-cell decline in untreated HIV infection","volume":"296","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R49-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.21.2349","article-title":"Prognostic value of HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell count, and CD4 cell count slope for progression to AIDS and death in untreated HIV-1 infection","volume":"297","author":"Mellors","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R50-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0047","article-title":"Interruption of antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection: impact of a therapeutic vaccination strategy combined with interleukin (IL)-2 compared with IL-2 alone in the ANRS 095 Randomized Study","volume":"23","author":"Goujard","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R51-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f511f1","article-title":"TILT: a randomized controlled trial of interruption of antiretroviral therapy with or without interleukin-2 in HIV-1 infected individuals","volume":"22","author":"Angus","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R52-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00440.x","article-title":"Predictors of CD4 count change over 8 months of follow up in HIV-1-infected patients with a CD4 count > or =300 cells\/microL who were assigned to 7.5 MIU interleukin-2","volume":"8","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"R53-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1086\/378293","article-title":"Nadir CD4+ T cell count predicts response to subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2","volume":"37","author":"Markowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R54-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1086\/591250","article-title":"CD4 T cell survival after intermittent interleukin-2 therapy is predictive of an increase in the CD4 T cell count of HIV-infected patients","volume":"198","author":"Read","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R55-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.15109","article-title":"HIV-1 and T cell dynamics after interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with a history of sustained viral suppression","volume":"96","author":"Davey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R56-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328011033a","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy interruption guided by CD4 cell counts and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in chronically HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"21","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R57-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1086\/379514","article-title":"Prolonged treatment interruption after immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"37","author":"Tarwater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R58-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002021","article-title":"Metabolic and immune activation effects of treatment interruption in chronic HIV-1 infection: implications for cardiovascular risk","volume":"3","author":"Tebas","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R59-7-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.1242","article-title":"Inappropriately low glycated hemoglobin values and hemolysis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"22","author":"Diop","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R60-7-20210130","first-page":"000","article-title":"Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study","volume":"197","author":"Emery","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32831cc114","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:28:13Z","timestamp":1786037293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002030-200901140-00007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,14]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0b013e32831cc114","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-9370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-9370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,14]]}}}