{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:28:08Z","timestamp":1790778488354,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0b013e32832a1806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T15:23:27Z","timestamp":1242919407000},"page":"1047-1057","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Functional characteristics of HIV-1 subtype C compatible with increased heterosexual transmissibility"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Brandon L","family":"Walter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew E","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tulio","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Skinh\u00f8j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E Yvonne","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"McMichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Chesebro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid KN","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200202010-00013","article-title":"Estimated global distribution and regional spread of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in the year 2000","volume":"29","author":"Osmanov","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R2-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00007","article-title":"Commercial sex and the spread of HIV in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"15","author":"Morison","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R3-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10479","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.21.10479-10487.2001","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env sequences from Calcutta in eastern India: identification of features that distinguish subtype C sequences in India from other subtype C sequences","volume":"75","author":"Shankarappa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R4-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1089\/088922203322588422","article-title":"Characterization of HIV type 1 heterosexual transmission in Yunnan, China","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R5-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000191497.00928.e4","article-title":"HIV-1 subtype C dissemination in southern Brazil","volume":"19","author":"Soares","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R6-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91342-J","article-title":"HIV in South Africa","volume":"342","author":"Carswell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R7-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199301000-00012","article-title":"AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: the epidemiology of heterosexual transmission and the prospects for prevention","volume":"4","author":"Hunter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R8-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200108004-00012","article-title":"HIV-1 subtypes and the HIV epidemics in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"15","author":"Morison","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R9-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131392.68597.34","article-title":"Preferential in-utero transmission of HIV-1 subtype C as compared to HIV-1 subtype A or D","volume":"18","author":"Renjifo","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R10-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1086\/431514","article-title":"Subtype C is associated with increased vaginal shedding of HIV-1","volume":"192","author":"John-Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1369","article-title":"Human genes that limit AIDS","volume":"36","author":"O'Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R12-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6528","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6528-6531.2005","article-title":"Selection for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycosylation variants with shorter V1-V2 loop sequences occurs during transmission of certain genetic subtypes and may impact viral RNA levels","volume":"79","author":"Chohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R13-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00201-06","article-title":"Evidence for potent autologous neutralizing antibody titers and compact envelopes in early infection with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R14-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9586","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00141-06","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V1-V2 envelope loop sequences expand and add glycosylation sites over the course of infection, and these modifications affect antibody neutralization sensitivity","volume":"80","author":"Sagar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R15-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093137","article-title":"Envelope-constrained neutralization-sensitive HIV-1 after heterosexual transmission","volume":"303","author":"Derdeyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R16-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6523-6527.2005","article-title":"Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope variation and neutralizing antibody responses during transmission of HIV-1 subtype B","volume":"79","author":"Frost","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R17-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1086\/515266","article-title":"Distinct determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and DNA loads in vaginal and cervical secretions","volume":"177","author":"Iversen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R18-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1086\/314433","article-title":"Cervical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shedding is associated with genital beta-chemokine secretion","volume":"178","author":"Iversen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199912010-00002","article-title":"Presence of multiple HIV subtypes and a high frequency of subtype chimeric viruses in heterosexually infected women","volume":"22","author":"Iversen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R20-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.59.2.284-291.1986","article-title":"Production of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated retrovirus in human and nonhuman cells transfected with an infectious molecular clone","volume":"59","author":"Adachi","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R21-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6547","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.11.6547-6554.1992","article-title":"Macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus isolates from different patients exhibit unusual V3 envelope sequence homogeneity in comparison with T-cell-tropic isolates: definition of critical amino acids involved in cell tropism","volume":"66","author":"Chesebro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R22-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.65.11.5782-5789.1991","article-title":"Identification of human immunodeficiency virus envelope gene sequences influencing viral entry into CD4-positive HeLa cells, T-leukemia cells, and macrophages","volume":"65","author":"Chesebro","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R23-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1547","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus envelope V1 and V2 regions influence replication efficiency in macrophages by affecting virus spread","volume":"213","author":"Toohey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R24-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.4.2855-2864.1998","article-title":"Effects of CCR5 and CD4 cell surface concentrations on infections by macrophagetropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"72","author":"Platt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R25-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.8.4828-4837.2005","article-title":"Role of low CD4 levels in the influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope V1 and V2 regions on entry and spread in macrophages","volume":"79","author":"Walter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R27-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520","article-title":"A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood","volume":"52","author":"Guindon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"R28-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092","article-title":"MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0","volume":"24","author":"Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"R29-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118398","article-title":"Structure of a V3-containing HIV-1 gp120 core","volume":"310","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R30-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444904019158","article-title":"Coot: model-building tools for molecular graphics","volume":"60","author":"Emsley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr"},{"key":"R31-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10037","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.181342398","article-title":"Electrostatics of nanosystems: application to microtubules and the ribosome","volume":"98","author":"Baker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R32-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti534","article-title":"RONN: the bio-basis function neural network technique applied to the detection of natively disordered regions in proteins","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"R33-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000171418.91786.ad","article-title":"Preferential detection of HIV subtype C' over subtype A in cervical cells from a dually infected woman","volume":"19","author":"Iversen","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R34-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.657","article-title":"Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease","volume":"17","author":"Berger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R35-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8953","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.17.8953-8957.2002","article-title":"The crown and stem of the V3 loop play distinct roles in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein interactions with the CCR5 coreceptor","volume":"76","author":"Cormier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R36-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.1.524-530.2004","article-title":"Intrapatient alterations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 V1V2 and V3 regions differentially modulate coreceptor usage, virus inhibition by CC\/CXC chemokines, soluble CD4, and the b12 and 2G12 monoclonal antibodies","volume":"78","author":"Nabatov","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R37-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145373","article-title":"Structures of the CCR5 N terminus and of a tyrosine-sulfated antibody with HIV-1 gp120 and CD4","volume":"317","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R38-2-20210130","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of biological recognition","author":"Schulz","year":"1979"},{"key":"R39-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199706000-00002","article-title":"The puzzle of HIV-1 subtypes in Africa","volume":"11","author":"Janssens","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R40-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/422679a","article-title":"Epidemiology: sexual transmission of HIV in Africa","volume":"422","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R41-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.4.2306","article-title":"Coexpression of CCR5 and IL-2 in human genital but not blood T cells: implications for the ontogeny of the CCR5+ Th1 phenotype","volume":"163","author":"Hladik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R42-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65591-5","article-title":"Repertoire of chemokine receptor expression in the female genital tract: implications for human immunodeficiency virus transmission","volume":"153","author":"Patterson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R43-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11677","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.18.11677-11684.2005","article-title":"Combined effect of CCR5-delta32 heterozygosity and the CCR5 promoter polymorphism-2459 A\/G on CCR5 expression and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission","volume":"79","author":"Hladik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R44-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000244207.49123.ff","article-title":"CCR5 expression and duration of high risk sexual activity among HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R45-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1086\/516519","article-title":"CCR5 genotypes in sexually active couples discordant for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection status","volume":"176","author":"Hoffman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R46-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1086\/341833","article-title":"No difference in clinical progression between patients infected with the predominant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG strain and patients not infected with CRF02_AG, in western and west-central Africa: a four-year prospective multicenter study","volume":"186","author":"Laurent","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R47-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02006-06","article-title":"Reduced maximal inhibition in phenotypic susceptibility assays indicates that viral strains resistant to the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc utilize inhibitor-bound receptor for entry","volume":"81","author":"Westby","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R48-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.6.2790-2807.2004","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic analyses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 escape from a small-molecule CCR5 inhibitor","volume":"78","author":"Kuhmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R49-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000180096.50393.96","article-title":"HIV coreceptor and chemokine ligand gene expression in the male urethra and female cervix","volume":"19","author":"McClure","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R50-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.007","article-title":"Initial events in establishing vaginal entry and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type-1","volume":"26","author":"Hladik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R51-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01629-06","article-title":"Inefficient human immunodeficiency virus replication in mobile lymphocytes","volume":"81","author":"Sourisseau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R52-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00283.x","article-title":"Ex vivo analysis of HIV-1 co-receptors at the endocervical mucosa of women using oral contraceptives","volume":"111","author":"Prakash","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"R53-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm110","article-title":"Adaptation of HIV-1 to its human host","volume":"24","author":"Wain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"R54-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1086\/314918","article-title":"Effect of chemokine receptor mutations on heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus transmission","volume":"180","author":"Lockett","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R55-2-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3280117f7f","article-title":"In HIV-1 pathogenesis the dice is cast during primary infection","volume":"21","author":"Centlivre","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002030-200906010-00002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T18:49:00Z","timestamp":1710355740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002030-200906010-00002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0b013e32832a1806","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-9370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-9370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]}}}