{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:52:12Z","timestamp":1791085932535,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"18","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,27]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0b013e328330cc08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,10]],"date-time":"2009-11-10T03:16:15Z","timestamp":1257822975000},"page":"2479-2484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["HIV-1 subtypes and differences in heterosexual HIV transmission among HIV-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Noah","family":"Kiwanuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Laeyendecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J","family":"Wawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merlin","family":"Robb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Kigozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kagaayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Serwadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred E","family":"Makumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald H","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1246-7820(01)00131-8","article-title":"The genetic variability of HIV-1 and its implications","volume":"8","author":"Peeters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfus Clin Biol"},{"key":"R3-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1038\/2017","article-title":"Identification of a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 distinct from group M and group O","volume":"4","author":"Simon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R4-13-20210130","first-page":"S31","article-title":"Understanding the genetic diversity of HIV-1","volume":"14","author":"McCutchan","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R5-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8980","article-title":"Differences in chemokine coreceptor usage between genetic subtypes of HIV-1","volume":"241","author":"Tscherning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"R6-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1994.10.1387","article-title":"Syncytium-inducing and nonsyncytium-inducing capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes other than B: phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. WHO Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization","volume":"10","author":"De","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R7-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3180385aa0","article-title":"Relation between chemokine receptor use, disease stage, and HIV-1 subtypes A and D: results from a rural Ugandan cohort.","volume":"45","author":"Kaleebu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R8-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1086\/340130","article-title":"Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda","volume":"185","author":"Kaleebu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1086\/512682","article-title":"HIV-1 subtype D infection is associated with faster disease progression than subtype A in spite of similar plasma HIV-1 loads","volume":"195","author":"Baeten","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R10-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1086\/499952","article-title":"Different rates of disease progression of HIV type 1 infection in Tanzania based on infecting subtype","volume":"42","author":"Vasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1086\/527416","article-title":"Effect of HIV-1 subtypes on disease progression in a cohort of incident cases infected with pure subtypes, recombinants, and multiple subtypes, Rakai, Uganda","volume":"197","author":"Kiwanuka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90818-8","article-title":"HIV-1 subtypes and male-to-female transmission in Thailand","volume":"345","author":"Kunanusont","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R13-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905280-00002","article-title":"What role does HIV-1 subtype play in transmission and pathogenesis? An epidemiological perspective","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R14-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1258\/095646204322764299","article-title":"HIV-1 subtype dynamics over 10 years in a rural Ugandan cohort","volume":"15","author":"Yirrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R15-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06439-3","article-title":"Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial. Rakai Project Study Group","volume":"353","author":"Wawer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R16-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199810000-00014","article-title":"A randomized, community trial of intensive sexually transmitted disease control for AIDS prevention, Rakai, Uganda","volume":"12","author":"Wawer","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R17-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200406010-00009","article-title":"Knowledge about vaccines and willingness to participate in preventive HIV vaccine trials: a population-based study, Rakai, Uganda","volume":"36","author":"Kiwanuka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R18-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1086\/429411","article-title":"Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"191","author":"Wawer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003303421303","article-title":"Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group","volume":"342","author":"Quinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R21-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1086\/315439","article-title":"Detection of diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus-1 groups M, N, and O and simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees by using generic pol and env primer pairs","volume":"181","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220150503726","article-title":"Predominance of HIV type 1 subtype G among commercial sex workers from Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R23-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R24-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.9.5935-5943.1996","article-title":"Full-length sequence and mosaic structure of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate from Thailand","volume":"70","author":"Carr","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R25-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1089\/0889222041725235","article-title":"HIV type 1 subtypes among blood donors in the Mbeya region of southwest Tanzania","volume":"20","author":"Arroyo","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R26-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200210180-00011","article-title":"Detection of HIV-1 subtypes, recombinants, and dual infections in east Africa by a multiregion hybridization assay","volume":"16","author":"Hoelscher","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R27-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2307\/2531734","article-title":"Models for longitudinal data: a generalized estimating equation approach","volume":"44","author":"Zeger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"R30-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04331-2","article-title":"Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"357","author":"Gray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R31-13-20210130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462011916758","article-title":"The stability between two HIV-1 RNA measurements one year apart and the relationship with HIV subtype in rural Uganda","volume":"12","author":"Morgan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"}],"container-title":["AIDS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002030-200911270-00013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:07:42Z","timestamp":1786039662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00002030-200911270-00013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0b013e328330cc08","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-9370"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-9370","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,27]]}}}