{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:44:33Z","timestamp":1775151873745,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0000000000000096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]],"date-time":"2013-12-30T17:18:15Z","timestamp":1388423895000},"page":"16-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Immune Activation Is Associated With Increased Gut Microbial Translocation in Treatment-Naive, HIV-Infected Children in a Resource-Limited Setting"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Sudheesh","family":"Pilakka-Kanthikeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arheart","family":"Kris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anbalagan","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savita","family":"Pahwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01295730","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal inflammation associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.","volume":"38","author":"Kotler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R2-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.5.1116","article-title":". Primary acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection of intestinal lymphoid tissue is associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction.","volume":"169","author":"Heise","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1086\/597476","article-title":". Plasma levels of bacterial DNA correlate with immune activation and the magnitude of immune restoration in persons with antiretroviral-treated HIV infection.","volume":"199","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002516","article-title":". Microbial translocation is associated with increased monocyte activation and dementia in AIDS patients.","volume":"3","author":"Ancuta","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R5-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511","article-title":". Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection.","volume":"12","author":"Brenchley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R6-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1086\/655229","article-title":". Persistent microbial translocation and immune activation in HIV-1-infected South Africans receiving combination antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"202","author":"Cassol","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R7-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1086\/314660","article-title":". Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated with T lymphocyte activation than with plasma virus burden or virus chemokine coreceptor usage.","volume":"179","author":"Giorgi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199813000-00004","article-title":". Prognostic significance of plasma markers of immune activation, HIV viral load and CD4 T-cell measurements.","volume":"12","author":"Fahey","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R9-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283112d29","article-title":". Microbial translocation is associated with sustained failure in CD4 T-cell reconstitution in HIV-infected patients on long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"22","author":"Marchetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R10-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1086\/656369","article-title":". Biological determinants of immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: the role of interleukin 7 and interleukin 7 receptor alpha and microbial translocation.","volume":"202","author":"Rajasuriar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59011","article-title":". Altered CD4 T cell homing to the gut impairs mucosal immune reconstitution in treated HIV-infected individuals.","volume":"122","author":"Mavigner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R12-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328339e228","article-title":". Microbial translocation induces persistent macrophage activation unrelated to HIV-1 levels or T-cell activation following therapy.","volume":"24","author":"Wallet","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R13-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32831e9c76","article-title":". Delayed loss of control of plasma lipopolysaccharide levels after therapy interruption in chronically HIV-1-infected patients.","volume":"23","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R14-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01018-11","article-title":". Novel sensitive real-time PCR for quantification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in plasma of HIV-infected patients as a marker for microbial translocation.","volume":"49","author":"Kramski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R15-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199208000-00004","article-title":". Expression of activation antigens, HLA-DR and CD38, on CD8 lymphocytes during HIV-1 infection.","volume":"6","author":"Kestens","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R16-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb05854.x","article-title":". The significance of activation markers on CD8 lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency syndrome: staging and prognostic value.","volume":"90","author":"Levacher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R17-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05115","article-title":". PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression.","volume":"443","author":"Day","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R18-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181e0c7d0","article-title":". Immune exhaustion occurs concomitantly with immune activation and decrease in regulatory T cells in viremic chronically HIV-1-infected patients.","volume":"54","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R19-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00045-X","article-title":"Toll signaling pathways in the innate immune response.","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"R20-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00050-12","article-title":"Microbial translocation in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and AIDS.","volume":"26","author":"Marchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R21-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit221","article-title":". Role of intestinal mucosal integrity in HIV Transmission to infants through Breast-feeding: the BAN study.","volume":"208","author":"Kourtis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.05.006","article-title":"New concepts of microbial translocation in the neonatal intestine: mechanisms and prevention.","volume":"37","author":"Sherman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"R24-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31824da0f5","article-title":". Increased gut microbial translocation in HIV-infected children persists in virologic responders and virologic failures after antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"31","author":"Pilakka-Kanthikeel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R25-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03526.x","article-title":". Immune reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children with different virological responses to anti-retroviral therapy.","volume":"150","author":"Anselmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R26-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.011","article-title":". Microbial translocation is associated with residual viral replication in HAART-treated HIV subjects with 50copiesml HIV-1 RNA.","volume":"46","author":"Baroncelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"R28-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12067","article-title":". Defective dendritic cell response to toll like receptor 78 agonists in perinatally HIV infected children.","volume":"69","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"R29-3-20210131","first-page":"21","article-title":"Pediatric HIV-1 infection: advances and remaining challenges.","volume":"4","author":"Luzuriaga","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"R30-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80283-5","article-title":". Prognostic significance of immunologic changes in 675 infants perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. The Italian Register for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Children.","volume":"119","author":"de Martino","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R31-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-448","article-title":". Early Antiretroviral Therapy reduces the incidence of otorrhea in a randomized study of early and deferred antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy (CHER) Study.","volume":"26","author":"Hainline","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"R32-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328355d0ce","article-title":". Early antiretroviral therapy improves neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants.","volume":"26","author":"Laughton","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R34-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0097","article-title":". Short communication: Evidence that microbial translocation occurs in HIV-infected children in the United Kingdom.","volume":"29","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R35-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283471d10","article-title":". Microbial translocation predicts disease progression of HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients with high CD4 cell count.","volume":"25","author":"Marchetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R36-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0107","article-title":". Elite controllers display higher activation on central memory CD8 T cells than HIV patients successfully on HAART.","volume":"27","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R37-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1086\/524143","article-title":". Relationship between T cell activation and CD4 T cell count in HIV-seropositive individuals with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels in the absence of therapy.","volume":"197","author":"Hunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R38-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11708","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.21.11708-11717.2003","article-title":". Severe CD4 T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"77","author":"Guadalupe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R39-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000230524.71717.14","article-title":". Lack of decay of HIV-1 in gut-associated lymphoid tissue reservoirs in maximally suppressed individuals.","volume":"43","author":"Poles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R40-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040874","article-title":". CD4 T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract.","volume":"200","author":"Brenchley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R41-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e3282f9ae9c","article-title":"The mucosal barrier and immune activation in HIV pathogenesis.","volume":"3","author":"Brenchley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"R42-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.03.022","article-title":". Human immunodeficiency virus-related microbial translocation and progression of hepatitis C.","volume":"135","author":"Balagopal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R43-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2276","article-title":"Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences.","volume":"214","author":"Appay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"R44-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001052","article-title":". Damaged intestinal epithelial integrity linked to microbial translocation in pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infections.","volume":"6","author":"Estes","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"R45-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.02.008","article-title":". Long-term non-progressors display a greater number of Th17 cells than HIV-infected typical progressors.","volume":"139","author":"Salgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R46-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055038","article-title":". Kinetics of microbial translocation markers in patients on efavirenz or lopinavirr based antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"8","author":"Vesterbacka","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R47-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901983106","article-title":". Microbial translocation, the innate cytokine response, and HIV-1 disease progression in Africa.","volume":"106","author":"Redd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R48-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8850","article-title":"Role of CD14 in lung inflammation and infection.","volume":"14","author":"Anas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R49-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"-","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.05.008","article-title":". The role of CD14 gene promoter polymorphism in tuberculosis susceptibility.","volume":"46","author":"Ayaslioglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"R50-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282eee548","article-title":". PD-1 expression on human CD8 T cells depends on both state of differentiation and activation status.","volume":"21","author":"Sauce","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R51-3-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/8.5.765","article-title":". Expression of the PD-1 antigen on the surface of stimulated mouse T and B lymphocytes.","volume":"8","author":"Agata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int Immunol"}],"container-title":["JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T05:37:06Z","timestamp":1620970626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00126334-201405010-00003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qai.0000000000000096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-4135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-4135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]}}}