{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:32:22Z","timestamp":1786120342728,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0b013e31824150bb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,22]],"date-time":"2011-11-22T05:39:35Z","timestamp":1321940375000},"page":"409-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Childhood Trauma and Health Outcomes in HIV-Infected Patients"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Brian Wells","family":"Pence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Mugavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tandrea J.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Leserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Thielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Raper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae Jean","family":"Proeschold-Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Whetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9158-3","article-title":"Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R).","volume":"31","author":"Sledjeski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"R2-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.008","article-title":"Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women.","volume":"27","author":"Briere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"R3-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2307\/1602523","article-title":"Immediate and long-term impacts of child sexual abuse.","volume":"4","author":"Briere","year":"1994","journal-title":"Future Child"},{"key":"R4-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":". Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"R5-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-004-7324-3","article-title":"Women, trauma, and HIV: an overview.","volume":"8","author":"Wyatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R6-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412301315259","article-title":". Understanding the interface of HIV, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use and its implications for health outcomes.","volume":"16","author":"Brief","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"R7-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181777a5f","article-title":"Role of depression, stress, and trauma in HIV disease progression.","volume":"70","author":"Leserman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R8-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(88)90007-5","article-title":"Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample.","volume":"12","author":"Briere","year":"1988","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"R9-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.smj.0000286756.54607.9f","article-title":". Minorities, the poor, and survivors of abuse: HIV-infected patients in the US deep South.","volume":"100","author":"Pence","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"R10-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000160459.78182.d9","article-title":". How trauma, recent stressful events, and PTSD affect functional health status and health utilization in HIV-infected patients in the south.","volume":"67","author":"Leserman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R11-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111775","article-title":". Relation of lifetime trauma and depressive symptoms to mortality in HIV.","volume":"164","author":"Leserman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R12-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2006.20.418","article-title":". Barriers to antiretroviral adherence: the importance of depression, abuse, and other traumatic events.","volume":"20","author":"Mugavero","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"R13-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2006.0167","article-title":". Predictors of AIDS-related morbidity and mortality in a southern U.S. cohort.","volume":"21","author":"Mugavero","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"R14-14-20210131","first-page":"127","article-title":"Analysis of mediating variables in prevention and intervention research.","volume":"139","author":"MacKinnon","year":"1994","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"R15-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542","article-title":"Mediation analysis.","volume":"58","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"R16-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"R18-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9150-2","article-title":"Mediational analysis in HIVAIDS research: estimating multivariate path analytic models in a structural equation modeling framework.","volume":"11","author":"Bryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"R19-14-20210131","first-page":"100","article-title":"Allison JJ, et al..","volume":"50","author":"Mugavero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Racial disparities in HIV virologic failure: do missed visits matterJ Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R22-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.3.422","article-title":"Sexual experiences survey: reliability and validity.","volume":"53","author":"Koss","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R23-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199703000-00007","article-title":". Impact of sexual and physical abuse dimensions on health status: development of an abuse severity measure.","volume":"59","author":"Leserman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R24-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564","article-title":". Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study.","volume":"111","author":"Dube","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R25-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.11.1659","article-title":". Physical and sexual abuse in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: increased illness and health care utilization.","volume":"160","author":"Liebschutz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R26-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120050042891","article-title":". Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications among participants in HIV clinical trials: the AACTG adherence instruments. Patient Care Committee Adherence Working Group of the Outcomes Committee of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG).","volume":"12","author":"Chesney","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"R27-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199601000-00002","article-title":". Sexual and physical abuse history in gastroenterology practice: how types of abuse impact health status.","volume":"58","author":"Leserman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R28-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_6","article-title":"You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: consider the brief COPE.","volume":"4","author":"Carver","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"R29-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0022","article-title":". Coping strategies and patterns of alcohol and drug use among HIV-infected patients in the U.S. Southeast.","volume":"33","author":"Pence","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"R30-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-B","article-title":"The MOS social support survey.","volume":"32","author":"Sherbourne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"R31-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2307\/2136676","article-title":". The stress process.","volume":"22","author":"Pearlin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"R32-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.063255","article-title":". Exploring lack of trust in care providers and the government as a barrier to health service use.","volume":"96","author":"Whetten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R34-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2","article-title":". Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL).","volume":"34","author":"Blanchard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"R35-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700048017","article-title":"The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.","volume":"13","author":"Derogatis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R36-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S","article-title":". The fifth edition of the addiction severity index.","volume":"9","author":"McLellan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"R37-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422","article-title":"Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations.","volume":"7","author":"Shrout","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"R38-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1221","article-title":". Impact of stressful life events, depression, social support, coping, and cortisol on progression to AIDS.","volume":"157","author":"Leserman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R39-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120902732027","article-title":". The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on HIV disease progression following hurricane Katrina.","volume":"21","author":"Reilly","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"R41-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00243-5","article-title":". Cumulative abuse experiences, physical health and health behaviors.","volume":"12","author":"McNutt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"R42-14-20210131","first-page":"147","article-title":"Examining mediators of child sexual abuse and sexually transmitted infections.","volume":"139-","author":"Sutherland","year":"60","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"R43-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x","article-title":"Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load.","volume":"840","author":"McEwen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R44-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6163.2007.00120.x","article-title":"Neurobiological alterations associated with traumatic stress.","volume":"43","author":"Weiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"key":"R45-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.33191","article-title":"Stress: a risk factor for serious illness.","volume":"51","author":"Vanitallie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"R46-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199805000-00017","article-title":". Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder and alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with chronic pelvic pain.","volume":"60","author":"Heim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R47-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199503000-00002","article-title":"Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence for chronic neuroendocrine activation in women.","volume":"57","author":"Lemieux","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R48-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199403000-00004","article-title":". Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls.","volume":"33","author":"De Bellis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"R49-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300226","article-title":". Higher cortisol levels following exposure to traumatic reminders in abuse-related PTSD.","volume":"28","author":"Elzinga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"R51-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.01.001","article-title":". Psychological distress, killer lymphocytes and disease severity in HIVAIDS.","volume":"22","author":"Greeson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R52-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.08.012","article-title":". Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and substance P antagonist enhancement of natural killer cell innate immunity in human immunodeficiency virusacquired immunodeficiency syndrome.","volume":"63","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00126334-201204010-00014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T20:33:36Z","timestamp":1786048416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00126334-201204010-00014"}},"subtitle":["An Exploration of Causal Pathways"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qai.0b013e31824150bb","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-4135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-4135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]}}}