{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:44:09Z","timestamp":1791297849832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0b013e31824330cb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,28]],"date-time":"2011-12-28T02:15:47Z","timestamp":1325038547000},"page":"314-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Body Fat Abnormality in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents Living in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Naufil","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Cortina-Borja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Goetghebuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Marczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vigano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200101260-00013","article-title":". Lipodystrophy-associated morphological cholesterol and triglyceride abnormalities in a population-based HIVAIDS treatment database.","volume":"15","author":"Heath","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R2-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)08468-2","article-title":". Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.","volume":"353","author":"Carr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1086\/339866","article-title":". Factors related to lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"34","author":"Saves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1086\/338811","article-title":". Role of long-term nucleoside-analogue therapy in lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.","volume":"34","author":"Chene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R5-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000143599.64234.15","article-title":". Body composition and metabolic changes in antiretroviral-naive patients randomized to didanosine and stavudine vs. abacavir and lamivudine.","volume":"38","author":"Shlay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R6-14-20210131","first-page":"199","article-title":". Lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia among patients taking first-line World Health Organization-recommended highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in Western India.","volume":"39","author":"Pujari","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R7-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0308","article-title":". A longitudinal study of the changes in body fat and metabolic parameters in a South African population of HIV-positive patients receiving an antiretroviral therapeutic regimen containing stavudine.","volume":"25","author":"George","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R8-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131334.38172.01","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy fat redistribution and hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected children in Europe.","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R9-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000178930.93033.f2","article-title":". Longitudinal evaluation and risk factors of lipodystrophy and associated metabolic changes in HIV-infected children.","volume":"40","author":"Beregszaszi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R10-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1610-y","article-title":". Prevalence of fat redistribution and metabolic disorders in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.","volume":"164","author":"Sanchez-Torres","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R11-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0193-1","article-title":". Prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected childrena cross-sectional study.","volume":"166","author":"Ene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R12-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200205000-00011","article-title":". Lipodystrophy syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.","volume":"21","author":"Amaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R13-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200306130-00006","article-title":". Serum lipids, glucose homeostasis and abdominal adipose tissue distribution in protease inhibitor-treated and naive HIV-infected children.","volume":"17","author":"Bitnun","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R14-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0216-9","article-title":". Lipodystrophy and metabolic complications of highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"76","author":"Parakh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"R15-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2010.00837.x","article-title":". Adipokine profiles and lipodystrophy in HIV-infected children during the first 4 years on highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"12","author":"Resino","year":"2011","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"R16-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12656-6","article-title":"An objective case definition of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults: a case-control study.","volume":"361","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R19-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011157","article-title":". Effect of combination therapy including protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolescents infected with HIV-1.","volume":"345","author":"Gortmaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R20-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7422.1019","article-title":". Decline in mortality, AIDS, and hospital admissions in perinatally HIV-1 infected children in the United Kingdom and Ireland.","volume":"327","author":"Gibb","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R21-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000188122.15493.0a","article-title":". Mortality in HIV-infected and uninfected children of HIV-infected and uninfected mothers in rural Uganda.","volume":"41","author":"Brahmbhatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R24-14-20210131","first-page":"8619;1041043","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical features, and prognostic factors of paediatric HIV infection.","volume":"332","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R25-14-20210131","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children.","volume":"400","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"R28-14-20210131","first-page":"1","article-title":". 1994 Revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age.","volume":"43","author":"Caldwell","year":"1994","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"R29-14-20210131","first-page":"1","article-title":". Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents and children aged 18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to 13 yearsUnited States, 2008.","volume":"57","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"R30-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.620864","article-title":"Distribution of lipoproteins by age and gender in adolescents.","volume":"114","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R31-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200009290-00008","article-title":". Clinical and metabolic presentation of the lipodystrophic syndrome in HIV-infected children.","volume":"14","author":"Jaquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R32-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200105010-00005","article-title":". Lipodystrophy in HIV-infected children is associated with high viral load and low CD4 B-lymphocyte count and CD4 B-lymphocyte percentage at baseline and use of protease inhibitors and stavudine.","volume":"27","author":"Arpadi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R33-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000068209.03069.2e","article-title":". Evidence of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipodystrophy syndrome in children treated with protease inhibitors.","volume":"22","author":"Bockhorst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R34-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000511","article-title":". Lipid profiles for antiretroviral-naive patients starting PI- and NNRTI-based therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"R35-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1086\/317477","article-title":". Lipodystrophy, metabolic disorders, and human immunodeficiency virus infection: Aquitaine Cohort, France 1999.","volume":"31","author":"Thiebaut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R36-14-20210131","first-page":"944","article-title":"Carls H, et al..","volume":"17","author":"Mauss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid development of central adiposity after postexposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs: a proof of principle AIDS"},{"key":"R37-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37514","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104557200","article-title":". HIV protease inhibitor induces fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis in liver and adipose tissues due to the accumulation of activated sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the nucleus.","volume":"276","author":"Riddle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R38-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200129-JLR200","article-title":". The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir increases lipoprotein production and has no effect on lipoprotein clearance in mice.","volume":"43","author":"Riddle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"R39-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.937","article-title":". Indinavir induces acute and reversible peripheral insulin resistance in rats.","volume":"51","author":"Hruz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"R40-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199912240-00002","article-title":"Fat distribution and metabolic changes in patients with HIV infection.","volume":"13","author":"Safrin","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R41-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200001070-00005","article-title":". Fat distribution evaluated by computed tomography and metabolic abnormalities in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy: preliminary results of the LIPOCO study.","volume":"14","author":"Saint-Marc","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R42-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200107270-00008","article-title":". Clinical assessment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy in an ambulatory population.","volume":"15","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R43-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199911120-00008","article-title":". Subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis in HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy.","volume":"13","author":"Domingo","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R44-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03391-1","article-title":". Pathogenesis of HIV-1-protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance.","volume":"351","author":"Carr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R45-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08094-7","article-title":". Association between altered expression of adipogenic factor SREBP1 in lipoatrophic adipose tissue from HIV-1-infected patients and abnormal adipocyte differentiation and insulin resistance.","volume":"359","author":"Bastard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R46-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60719-2","article-title":"Metabolic abnormalities and use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors.","volume":"352","author":"Martinez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R47-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200306130-00007","article-title":". Mitochondrial DNA depletion and morphologic changes in adipocytes associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy.","volume":"17","author":"Nolan","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R48-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350300800409","article-title":". Mitochondrial proliferation, DNA depletion and adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of HIV-positive HAART recipients.","volume":"8","author":"Pace","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"R49-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200007070-00002","article-title":". Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection.","volume":"14","author":"Mallal","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R50-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04056-3","article-title":". Risk of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"357","author":"Martinez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R51-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200201010-00003","article-title":". Body habitus changes and metabolic alterations in protease inhibitor-naive HIV-1-infected patients treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.","volume":"29","author":"Galli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R52-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000247574.33998.03","article-title":". A randomized comparative trial of tenofovir DF or abacavir as replacement for a thymidine analogue in persons with lipoatrophy.","volume":"20","author":"Moyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R53-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200404300-00011","article-title":". Reversibility of lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients 2 years after switching from a thymidine analogue to abacavir; the MITOX Extension Study.","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R54-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000229996.75116.da","article-title":"Fat distribution in women with HIV infection.","volume":"42","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R55-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181aa1308","article-title":". The effect of individual antiretroviral drugs on body composition in HIV-infected persons initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"51","author":"Shlay","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R56-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030218","article-title":". Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction.","volume":"349","author":"Friis-Moller","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R57-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00010","article-title":". Increased risk of lipoatrophy under stavudine in HIV-1-infected patients: results of a substudy from a comparative trial.","volume":"16","author":"Joly","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R58-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350200700306","article-title":". Evaluation of the risk factors associated with lipodystrophy development in a cohort of HIV-positive patients.","volume":"7","author":"Seminari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"R59-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200107010-00004","article-title":". Stavudine versus zidovudine and the development of lipodystrophy.","volume":"27","author":"Bogner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R60-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318158c0a6","article-title":". Metabolic function and the prevalence of lipodystrophy in a population of HIV-infected African subjects receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"46","author":"Mutimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R61-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S1550-8579(07)80025-8","article-title":"Antiretroviral pharmacokinetic profile: a review of sex differences.","volume":"4","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"R62-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200301010-00007","article-title":". Incidence of and risk factors for lipoatrophy (abnormal fat loss) in ambulatory HIV-1-infected patients.","volume":"32","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R63-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.4.427","article-title":". The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.","volume":"163","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R64-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2009.01.002","article-title":"Facial lipoatrophy appearances are not deceiving.","volume":"20","author":"Sanches","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"R65-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-2580-2","article-title":". The relationship between lipodystrophy-associated body changes and measures of quality of life and mental health for HIV-positive adults.","volume":"14","author":"Burgoyne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"R66-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199704150-00008","article-title":". Morbidity and mortality in European children vertically infected by HIV-1.","volume":"14","author":"Blanche","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"R67-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9444-7","article-title":". Self-perception of body fat changes and HAART adherence in the womens interagency HIV study.","volume":"13","author":"Plankey","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"R68-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200112070-00012","article-title":". Failure to maintain long-term adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy: the role of lipodystrophy.","volume":"15","author":"Duran","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R69-14-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2008.00682.x","article-title":". Correction of facial lipoatrophy using autologous fat transplants in HIV-infected adolescents.","volume":"10","author":"Dollfus","year":"2009","journal-title":"HIV Med"}],"container-title":["JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824330cb","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T20:24:34Z","timestamp":1786047874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00126334-201203010-00014"}},"subtitle":["Prevalence and Risk Factors"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qai.0b013e31824330cb","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-4135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-4135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]}}}