{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:51:52Z","timestamp":1791085912825,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0b013e318266ee3f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]],"date-time":"2012-12-17T18:20:51Z","timestamp":1355768451000},"page":"370-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Outcomes Following Virological Failure and Predictors of Switching to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in a South African Treatment Program"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Johnston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salome","family":"Charalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Churchyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison D.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70328-7","article-title":". Virological follow-up of adult patients in antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.","volume":"10","author":"Barth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832e05b2","article-title":". Switching to second-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: comparison of programmes with and without viral load monitoring.","volume":"23","author":"Keiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R5-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2009.00738.x","article-title":". Deferred modification of antiretroviral regimen following documented treatment failure in Asia: results from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD).","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"R6-18-20210131","first-page":"CD008494","article-title":"Optimal monitoring strategies for guiding when to switch first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens for treatment failure in adults and adolescents living with HIV in low-resource settings.","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R7-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70168-2","article-title":". Monitoring of HIV viral loads, CD4 cell counts, and clinical assessments versus clinical monitoring alone for antiretroviral therapy in rural district hospitals in Cameroon (Stratall ANRS 12110ESTHER): a randomised non-inferiority trial.","volume":"11","author":"Laurent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62067-5","article-title":". Routine versus clinically driven laboratory monitoring of HIV antiretroviral therapy in Africa (DART): a randomised non-inferiority trial.","volume":"375","author":"Mugyenyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R9-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d6792","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d6792","article-title":". Utility of routine viral load, CD4 cell count, and clinical monitoring among adults with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: randomised trial.","volume":"343","author":"Mermin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R11-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.11.007","article-title":". HIV-1 viral load monitoring: an opportunity to reinforce treatment adherence in a resource-limited setting in Thailand.","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R12-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70136-7","article-title":". Virological monitoring and resistance to first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV-1 treated under WHO guidelines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1086\/604731","article-title":". Rate of accumulation of thymidine analogue mutations in patients continuing to receive virologically failing regimens containing zidovudine or stavudine: implications for antiretroviral therapy programs in resource-limited settings.","volume":"200","author":"Cozzi-Lepri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328344037a","article-title":". Effect on transmission of HIV-1 resistance of timing of implementation of viral load monitoring to determine switches from first to second-line antiretroviral regimens in resource-limited settings.","volume":"25","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R15-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328351f5b2","article-title":". Treatment outcomes of patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"26","author":"Ajose","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R16-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283360976","article-title":". The high cost of second-line antiretroviral therapy for HIVAIDS in South Africa.","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R17-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000188337.76164.7a","article-title":". Is moderate HIV viremia associated with a higher risk of clinical progression in HIV-infected people treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the Italian cohort of antiretroviral-naive patients study.","volume":"41","author":"Murri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R19-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16589-6","article-title":". Predictors of trend in CD4-positive T-cell count and mortality among HIV-1-infected individuals with virological failure to all three antiretroviral-drug classes.","volume":"364","author":"Ledergerber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R20-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200309010-00007","article-title":". Modeling the time course of CD4 T-lymphocyte counts according to the level of virologic rebound in HIV-1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"34","author":"Kousignian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R21-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60624-8","article-title":". Outcomes from monitoring of patients on antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings with viral load, CD4 cell count, or clinical observation alone: a computer simulation model.","volume":"371","author":"Phillips","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R22-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1086\/653119","article-title":". Cost-effectiveness of laboratory monitoring in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the current literature.","volume":"51","author":"Walensky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02445.x","article-title":". Mortality after failure of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"15","author":"Keiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R25-18-20210131","first-page":"469127","article-title":". Virological breakthrough: a risk factor for loss to followup in a large community-based cohort on antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"2011","author":"Orrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"R27-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0400400201","article-title":"Cumulative incidence estimation in the presence of competing risks.","volume":"4","author":"Coviello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"R28-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1086\/648444","article-title":". Viremia, resuppression, and time to resistance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype C during first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.","volume":"49","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R29-18-20210131","first-page":"736938","article-title":". Evaluation of WHO criteria for viral failure in patients on antiretroviral treatment in resource-limited settings.","volume":"2011","author":"Castelnuovo","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"R30-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000066","article-title":". Mortality of HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: comparison with HIV-unrelated mortality.","volume":"6","author":"Brinkhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R31-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182084b5a","article-title":". Association between medication possession ratio, virologic failure and drug resistance in HIV-1-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in Cote dIvoire.","volume":"56","author":"Messou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R32-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000180094.04652.3b","article-title":". No room for complacency about adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"19","author":"Gill","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R33-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-009-0037-5","article-title":". Antiretroviral adherence interventions: translating research findings to the real world clinic.","volume":"7","author":"Simoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr HIVAIDS Rep"},{"key":"R35-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830e4cf3","article-title":". Treatment switches after viral rebound in HIV-infected adults starting antiretroviral therapy: multicentre cohort study.","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R36-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182060610","article-title":". Virologic failure and second-line antiretroviral therapy in children in South Africa-the IeDEA Southern Africa collaboration.","volume":"56","author":"Davies","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R37-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830f97e2","article-title":". Long-term consequences of the delay between virologic failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy and regimen modification.","volume":"22","author":"Petersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R38-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1086\/587109","article-title":". Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance after failure of a first highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.","volume":"46","author":"Marconi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R39-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh162","article-title":"Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"53","author":"Bangsberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R40-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr171","article-title":". Detection of drug resistance mutations at low plasma HIV-1 RNA load in a European multicentre cohort study.","volume":"66","author":"Prosperi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R41-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0018","article-title":". Medium-term probability of success of antiretroviral treatment after early warning signs of treatment failure in West African adults.","volume":"25","author":"Danel","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R42-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02828.x","article-title":"Unstructured treatment interruption of antiretroviral therapy in clinical practice: a systematic review.","volume":"16","author":"Kranzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R43-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3281c615da","article-title":". Impact of genotypic drug resistance mutations on clinical and immunological outcomes in HIV-infected adults on HAART in West Africa.","volume":"21","author":"Seyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R44-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22189","article-title":". Antiretroviral resistance patterns and factors associated with resistance in adult patients failing NNRTI-based regimens in the western cape, South Africa.","volume":"83","author":"van Zyl","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R45-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020401500402","article-title":". Mutations and polymorphisms associated with antiretroviral drugs in HIV-1C-infected African patients.","volume":"15","author":"Doualla-Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir Chem Chemother"},{"key":"R46-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350901400414","article-title":". HIV type-1 clade C resistance genotypes in treatment-naive patients and after first virological failure in a large community antiretroviral therapy programme.","volume":"14","author":"Orrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"R47-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832ac34e","article-title":". The public health approach to identify antiretroviral therapy failure: high-level nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance among Malawians failing first-line antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"23","author":"Hosseinipour","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R48-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318227fc34","article-title":". Unnecessary antiretroviral treatment switches and accumulation of HIV resistance mutations; two arguments for viral load monitoring in Africa.","volume":"58","author":"Sigaloff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R49-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1086\/597354","article-title":". Short-term clinical disease progression in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy: results from the TREAT Asia HIV observational database.","volume":"48","author":"Srasuebkul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R51-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834811b2","article-title":". Program-level and contextual-level determinants of low-median CD4 cell count in cohorts of persons initiating ART in eight sub-Saharan African countries.","volume":"25","author":"Nash","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R52-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-4-18","article-title":". Impact of drug classes and treatment availability on the rate of antiretroviral treatment change in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD).","volume":"4","author":"Srasuebkul","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"R53-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.498867","article-title":". Switch to second-line ART in West African routine care: incidence and reasons for switching.","volume":"23","author":"Landier","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"R54-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350701200106","article-title":". Conservation of first-line antiretroviral treatment regimen where therapeutic options are limited.","volume":"12","author":"Orrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"R55-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824276e9","article-title":". Prognostic value of virological and immunological responses after 6 months of antiretroviral treatment in adults with HIV-1 infection in Sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"59","author":"Luca","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R56-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e328331d2fb","article-title":"Management of antiretroviral failure and resistance in developing countries.","volume":"4","author":"Hawkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"R57-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70321-4","article-title":". Diagnosis and management of antiretroviral-therapy failure in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and perspectives.","volume":"10","author":"Harries","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"R59-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36997","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036997","article-title":". Second-line antiretroviral therapy in a workplace and community-based treatment programme in South Africa: determinants of virological outcome.","volume":"7","author":"Johnston","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R60-18-20210131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-24","article-title":". The net cost of incorporating resistance testing into HIVAIDS treatment in South Africa: a Markov model with primary data.","volume":"14","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"}],"container-title":["JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318266ee3f","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T12:15:13Z","timestamp":1714738513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00126334-201211010-00018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qai.0b013e318266ee3f","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-4135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-4135","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]}}}