{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:35:14Z","timestamp":1791203714987,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0b013e3182a64682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T13:16:39Z","timestamp":1375190199000},"page":"375-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["The Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Severe Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chirag V.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuala J.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Gaieski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea N.","family":"Miltiades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munish","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry D.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scarlett L.","family":"Bellamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"R1-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827c09f8","article-title":"Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States.","volume":"41","author":"Gaieski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R2-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050333","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury.","volume":"353","author":"Rubenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R3-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.suppl_1.74S-a","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute lung injury and ARDS.","volume":"116","author":"Hudson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R4-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.525","article-title":"Causes and timing of death in patients with ARDS.","volume":"128","author":"Stapleton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R5-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.","volume":"342","author":"ARDSnet","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R6-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11144","article-title":"Clinical review: early treatment of acute lung injuryparadigm shift toward prevention and treatment prior to respiratory failure.","volume":"16","author":"Levitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"R7-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0549OC","article-title":": Early identification of patients at risk of acute lung injury: evaluation of the lung injury prediction score in a multicenter cohort study.","volume":"183","author":"Gajic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R8-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1979.03630450021009","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of the respiratory distress syndrome in gram-negative sepsis.","volume":"139","author":"Kaplan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R9-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.1.40","article-title":"The risk factors, incidence, and prognosis of ARDS following septicemia.","volume":"83","author":"Fein","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R10-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-5-593","article-title":"Adult respiratory distress syndrome: risk with common predispositions.","volume":"98","author":"Fowler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R11-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000055389.64497.11","article-title":"Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severity of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with septic shock.","volume":"31","author":"Moss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R12-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200007000-00001","article-title":"Diabetic patients have a decreased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"Moss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R13-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200210-1196OC","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome after bacteremic sepsis does not increase mortality.","volume":"167","author":"Eggimann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R14-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R96","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6113","article-title":"Clinical risk conditions for acute lung injury in the intensive care unit and hospital ward: a prospective observational study.","volume":"11","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R15-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31816fc2c0","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock: an observational cohort study.","volume":"36","author":"Iscimen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R16-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000277043.85378.C1","article-title":"National estimates of severe sepsis in United States emergency departments.","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R17-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819fcf68","article-title":"Serum lactate is associated with mortality in severe sepsis independent of organ failure and shock.","volume":"37","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"R18-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3B","article-title":"2001 SCCMESICMACCPATSSIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference.","volume":"31","author":"Levy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R19-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","article-title":"Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.","volume":"345","author":"Rivers","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R20-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31827466f1","article-title":"Severe sepsis cohorts derived from claims-based strategies appear to be biased toward a more severely ill patient population.","volume":"41","author":"Whittaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R21-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","article-title":"APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system.","volume":"13","author":"Knaus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R22-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318180dc74","article-title":": The impact of development of acute lung injury on hospital mortality in critically ill trauma patients.","volume":"36","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R23-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.3.7509706","article-title":"The American-European consensus conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination.","volume":"149","author":"Bernard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R24-5-20210213","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin definition.","volume":"307","author":"ARDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R25-5-20210213","first-page":"503","article-title":"Validation study of an automated electronic acute lung injury screening tool.","volume":"16","author":"Azzam","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMIA"},{"key":"R26-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0563-9","article-title":"Serum lactate as a predictor of mortality in patients with infection.","volume":"33","author":"Trzeciak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Care Med"},{"key":"R27-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1998.5324","article-title":"TNF binding protein prevents hyperlactatemia and inactivation of PDH complex in skeletal muscle during sepsis.","volume":"80","author":"Vary","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"R28-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000055390.97331.DB","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity is associated with raised lactate levels after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.","volume":"31","author":"Dixon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R29-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.5.1301","article-title":"Release of lactate by the lung in acute lung injury.","volume":"1111","author":"Kellum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R30-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813","article-title":"Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies.","volume":"138","author":"Maldonado","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epid"},{"key":"R31-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.5.964","article-title":"The use of fractional polynomials to model continuous risk variables in epidemiology.","volume":"28","author":"Royston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R32-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011802","article-title":"Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome.","volume":"364","author":"Herridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R33-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2025OC","article-title":"The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study: long-term neuropsychological function in survivors of acute lung injury.","volume":"185","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"R34-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13730","article-title":"Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis.","volume":"308","author":"Neto","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"R35-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31827b47bb","article-title":"Early airway pressure release ventilation prevents ARDSa novel preventive approach to lung injury.","volume":"39","author":"Roy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"R37-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care.","volume":"29","author":"Angus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"R38-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000260960.94300.DE","article-title":"Sepsis incidence and outcome: contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward.","volume":"35","author":"Esteban","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"R39-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1460OC","article-title":"Plasma angiopoietin-2 predicts the onset of acute lung injury in critically ill patients.","volume":"187","author":"Agrawal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R40-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318298836d","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of patients with vasoplegic versus tissue dysoxic septic shock.","volume":"40","author":"Sterling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"R41-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R150","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8048","article-title":"Mortality in sepsis versus non-sepsis induced acute lung injury.","volume":"13","author":"Sevransky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"R42-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000165566.82925.14","article-title":"Clinical predictors of and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome: potential role of red cell transfusion.","volume":"33","author":"Gong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R43-5-20210213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2706","article-title":"The importance of fluid management in acute lung injury secondary to septic shock.","volume":"136","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Shock"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182a64682","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T06:26:44Z","timestamp":1620973604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00024382-201311000-00005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/shk.0b013e3182a64682","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-2322","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}}}