{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:43:16Z","timestamp":1791582196251,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Characterize the onset and timing of cognitive decline in Parkinson disease (PD) from the first recognizable stage of cognitively symptomatic PD-mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) to PD dementia (PDD). Thirty-nine participants progressed from PD to PDD and 25 remained cognitively normal.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Bayesian-estimated disease-state models described the onset of an individual\u2019s cognitive decline across 12 subtests with a change point.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Subtests measuring working memory, visuospatial processing ability, and crystalized memory changed significantly 3 to 5 years before their first nonzero Clinical Dementia Rating and progressively worsened from PD to PD-MCI to PDD. Crystalized memory deficits were the hallmark feature of imminent conversion of cognitive status. Episodic memory tasks were not sensitive to onset of PD-MCI. For cognitively intact PD, all 12 subtests showed modest linear decline without evidence of a change point.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Longitudinal disease-state models support a prodromal dementia stage (PD-MCI) marked by early declines in working memory and visuospatial processing beginning 5 years before clinical diagnosis of PDD. Cognitive declines in PD affect motor ability (bradykinesia), working memory, and processing speed (bradyphrenia) resulting in PD-MCI where visuospatial imagery and memory retrieval deficits manifest before eventual development of overt dementia. Tests of episodic memory may not be sufficient to detect and quantify cognitive decline in PD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/wad.0000000000000088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T04:09:15Z","timestamp":1428466155000},"page":"127-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Onset of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"David K.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology"},{"name":"Alzheimer Disease Center, University of Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Langford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Garnier-Villarreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Immunology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St Louis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Galvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Population Health, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000213858.27731.f8","article-title":"Cognitive change in Parkinson disease","volume":"20","author":"Galvin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"R2-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000242630.52203.8f","article-title":"Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia","volume":"67","author":"Galvin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R3-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707071160","article-title":"Course of cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Muslimovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"R4-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090614","article-title":"Cognitive decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"15","author":"Muslimovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"R5-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.232678","article-title":"Dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a 20-year neuropsychological study (Sydney Multicentre Study)","volume":"82","author":"Reid","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R6-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000323570","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in cognition deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease with and without dementia","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"R7-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829c5c86","article-title":"Evolution of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease","volume":"81","author":"Broeders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R8-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256715.13907.d3","article-title":"DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers","volume":"68","author":"Lippa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R9-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21566","article-title":"Is PD-MCI a useful concept","volume":"22","author":"Dubois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R10-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21507","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Emre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R11-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24893","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Litvan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R12-20230922","first-page":"131","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease mild cognitive impairment: application and validation of the criteria","volume":"4","author":"Geurtsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4(2):131-7. doi: 10.3233\/JPD-130304"},{"key":"R13-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","article-title":"Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"58","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R14-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.9.1395","article-title":"Neuron number in the entorhinal cortex and CA1 in preclinical Alzheimer disease","volume":"58","author":"Price","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R15-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25875","article-title":"Evaluation of mild cognitive impairment subtypes in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Cholerton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R16-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.01.009","article-title":"Cognitive profiling of Parkinson disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"20","author":"Biundo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R17-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25655","article-title":"Defining optimal cutoff scores for cognitive impairment using Movement Disorder Society Task Force criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Goldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R18-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.158","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the transition from healthy aging to Alzheimer disease","volume":"66","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R19-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000335972.35970.70","article-title":"Cognitive profiles in dementia: Alzheimer disease vs nondemented aging","volume":"71","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R20-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000229)19:4<617::AID-SIM360>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Statistical models for longitudinal biomarkers of disease onset","volume":"19","author":"Slate","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R21-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.5.674","article-title":"Cognitive and motor functioning in Parkinson disease: subjects with and without questionable dementia","volume":"55","author":"Goldman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R22-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.6.1142","article-title":"What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"42","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R23-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412b","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R24-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1973.36.3c.1123","article-title":"Speed functions, vocabulary ability, and age","volume":"36","author":"Botwinick","year":"1973","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"R30-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.41","article-title":"Multiphase mixed-effects models for repeated measures data","volume":"7","author":"Cudeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"R31-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701758265","article-title":"A simulation study comparison of Bayesian estimation with conventional methods for estimating unknown change points","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Struct Eqn Model"},{"key":"R32-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00071-9","article-title":"Parkinsonian patients without dementia or depression do not suffer from bradyphrenia as indexed by performance in mental rotation tasks with and without advance information","volume":"32","author":"Duncombe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"R33-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.4.669","article-title":"Cognitive slowing in Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s patients: distinguishing bradyphrenia from dementia","volume":"44","author":"Pate","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R34-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25902","article-title":"Comparison of the Movement Disorder Society Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia criteria with neuropsychological testing","volume":"29","author":"Barton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R35-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70299-6","article-title":"Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer\u2019s pathological cascade","volume":"9","author":"Jack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R36-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430519","article-title":"Neuropathology of preclinical and clinical late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Troncoso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R37-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.02.012","article-title":"Learning and consolidation of visuo-motor adaptation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Marinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R38-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23156","article-title":"Increased reaction time predicts visual learning deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Marinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R39-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.12.007","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease progression in the DATATOP cohort","volume":"184","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R40-20230922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000066","article-title":"Characterizing mild cognitive impairment in incident Parkinson disease: the ICICLE-PD study","volume":"82","author":"Yarnall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Alzheimer Disease &amp; Associated Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002093-201604000-00007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:24:36Z","timestamp":1695428676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00002093-201604000-00007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wad.0000000000000088","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-0341","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}}}