{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:13:13Z","timestamp":1786119193642,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0b013e328307bf1c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]],"date-time":"2009-03-05T14:31:39Z","timestamp":1236263499000},"page":"491-496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Pediatric movement disorders: an update"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"David S","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey S","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259086.34769.78","article-title":"Stereotypies in Rett syndrome: analysis of 83 patients with and without detected MECP2 mutations","volume":"68","author":"Temudo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R2-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2006.01.004","article-title":"Stereotypy in young children with autism and typically developing children","volume":"28","author":"MacDonald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"R3-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.12.008","article-title":"Nonautistic motor stereotypies: clinical features and longitudinal follow-up","volume":"38","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R4-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738060210020701","article-title":"Behavioral therapy for treatment of stereotypic movements in nonautistic children","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R5-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20465","article-title":"Stereotypical movements and frontotemporal dementia","volume":"20","author":"Mendez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R6-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21780","article-title":"Amantadine may reverse punding in Parkinson's disease: observation in a patient","volume":"23","author":"Kashihara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R7-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21118","article-title":"Punding and dyskinesias","volume":"21","author":"Silveira-Moriyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R9-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2767","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome: prevalence and impact in children and adolescents\u2013 the Peds REST study","volume":"120","author":"Picchietti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R11-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21647","article-title":"Variants in the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (Nnos, NOS1) gene are associated with restless legs syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R12-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000282760.07650.ba","article-title":"Evidence for linkage of restless legs syndrome to chromosome 9p: are there two distinct loci?","volume":"70","author":"Lohmann-Hedrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R14-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01586.x","article-title":"Considering the causes of RLS","volume":"13","author":"Winkelman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R15-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.04.022","article-title":"Impact of restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"8","author":"Konofal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R16-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.213.269","article-title":"Association between low serum ferritin and restless legs syndrome in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"213","author":"Oner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"R17-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00152-6","article-title":"Dopaminergic therapy in children with restless legs\/periodic limb movements in sleep and ADHD. Dopaminergic Therapy Study Group","volume":"22","author":"Walters","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R18-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(07)70343-X","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome (RLS): an unrecognized cause for bedtime problems and insomnia in children","volume":"8","author":"Mohri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"R19-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.032102","article-title":"Gratification disorder (\u2018infantile masturbation\u2019): a review","volume":"89","author":"Nechay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R20-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0532","article-title":"Masturbation in infancy and early childhood presenting as a movement disorder: 12 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R21-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21047","article-title":"Chorea induced by globus pallidus externus stimulation in a dystonic patient","volume":"21","author":"Mouton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R22-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20788","article-title":"Did Gustav Mahler have Sydenham's chorea?","volume":"21","author":"Cardoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R23-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.144.4.1094","article-title":"Antibodies reacting with cytoplasm of subthalamic and caudate nuclei neurons in chorea and acute rheumatic fever","volume":"144","author":"Husby","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R24-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7412","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7412","article-title":"Tubulin is a neuronal target of autoantibodies in Sydenham's chorea","volume":"178","author":"Kirvan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R25-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500484757","article-title":"Streptococcal mimicry and antibody-mediated cell signaling in the pathogenesis of Sydenham's chorea","volume":"39","author":"Kirvan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"R26-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807302614","article-title":"Sydenham's chorea: a clinical follow-up of 65 patients","volume":"22","author":"Demiroren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R27-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e675","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1573","article-title":"Sydenham's chorea in western Pennsylvania","volume":"117","author":"Zomorrodi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R28-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738050200101101","article-title":"Sydenham's chorea: positron emission tomographic (PET) scan studies","volume":"20","author":"Aron","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R29-17-20210206","first-page":"241","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow abnormalities in children with Sydenham's chorea: a SPECT study","volume":"43","author":"Kabakus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R30-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.10.014","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Sydenham's chorea and ADHD","volume":"34","author":"Margari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R31-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.08.028","article-title":"Randomized double-blind study with prednisone in Sydenham's chorea","volume":"34","author":"Paz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R33-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738050200050601","article-title":"Treatment of Sydenham's chorea with intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, or prednisone","volume":"20","author":"Garvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R34-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.11.010","article-title":"Sydenham's chorea: clinical observations from a Brazilian movement disorder clinic","volume":"13","author":"Tumas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R35-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.5.602","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome: a cross sectional study to examine the PANDAS hypothesis","volume":"74","author":"Church","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R36-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2002.009043","article-title":"A dystonic syndrome associated with antibasal ganglia antibodies","volume":"75","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R37-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389801301010","article-title":"Acute myoclonus secondary to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection: a PANDAS variant","volume":"13","author":"DiFazio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R38-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00366-4","article-title":"Parkinsonian features after streptococcal pharyngitis","volume":"143","author":"Ben-Pazi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R39-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21513","article-title":"A case of poststreptococcal opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Dassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R40-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10169","article-title":"Poststreptococcal autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease presenting as paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis","volume":"17","author":"Dale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R41-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01575-7","article-title":"Pathogenetic role of autoantibodies in neurological diseases","volume":"23","author":"Archelos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"R42-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases","volume":"155","author":"Swedo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R43-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000073938.19076.31","article-title":"Poststreptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system","volume":"16","author":"Snider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R44-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20107","article-title":"The PANDAS hypothesis: losing its bite?","volume":"19","author":"Kurlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R45-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.883","article-title":"The pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) etiology for tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: hypothesis or entity? Practical considerations for the clinician","volume":"113","author":"Kurlan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R46-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.9.848","article-title":"Does group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection increase risk for behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children?","volume":"158","author":"Perrin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"R47-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2058","article-title":"Association between streptococcal infection and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and tic disorder","volume":"116","author":"Mell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R48-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.031","article-title":"Relationship of movements and behaviors to Group A Streptococcus infections in elementary school children","volume":"61","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R50-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(03)00413-2","article-title":"Antibrain antibodies in PANDAS versus uncomplicated streptococcal infection","volume":"30","author":"Pavone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R51-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.031880","article-title":"Antibasal ganglia antibodies: a possible diagnostic utility in idiopathic movement disorders?","volume":"89","author":"Church","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R52-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.10.014","article-title":"Neuronal surface glycolytic enzymes are autoantigen targets in poststreptococcal autoimmune CNS disease","volume":"172","author":"Dale","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R53-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20052","article-title":"Antibasal ganglia antibodies in PANDAS","volume":"19","author":"Singer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R54-17-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183223.69946.f1","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies do not differentiate PANDAS and Tourette syndrome from controls","volume":"65","author":"Singer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328307bf1c","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:47:24Z","timestamp":1786038444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00019052-200808000-00017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wco.0b013e328307bf1c","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-7540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-7540","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,8]]}}}