{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:14:35Z","timestamp":1786119275898,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0b013e32832b4c47","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T07:26:53Z","timestamp":1242890813000},"page":"233-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Pediatric central nervous system inflammatory demyelination: acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, clinically isolated syndromes, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Russell C","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Brilot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Banwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.12.2407","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis in children","volume":"123","author":"Dale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R2-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.8.1224","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: a long-term follow-up study of 84 pediatric patients","volume":"59","author":"Tenembaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"16 Suppl 2","key":"R3-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259422.44235.a8","article-title":"Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders","volume":"68","author":"Krupp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R4-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.10.056","article-title":"First episode of acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood: prognostic factors for multiple sclerosis and disability","volume":"144","author":"Mikaeloff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R5-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00887.x","article-title":"Early relapse risk after a first CNS inflammatory demyelination episode: examining International consensus definitions","volume":"49","author":"Dale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"R6-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000316193.89691.e1","article-title":"Prognostic factors after a first attack of inflammatory CNS demyelination in children","volume":"71","author":"Neuteboom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R8-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70242-9","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in children: clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R9-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508098562","article-title":"Clinical and diagnostic aspects of multiple sclerosis and acute monophasic encephalomyelitis in pediatric patients: a single centre prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Atzori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R10-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2006.11.007","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis cohort study: prognostic factors for relapse","volume":"11","author":"Mikaeloff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R11-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.03.009","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: focus on relapsing patients","volume":"39","author":"Suppiej","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R12-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000224757.69746.fb","article-title":"The clinical features, MRI findings, and outcome of optic neuritis in children","volume":"67","author":"Wilejto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R13-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808321052","article-title":"Demyelinating optic neuritis in children","volume":"24","author":"Alper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R14-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000260609.11357.6f","article-title":"Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: center-based analysis of 47 cases","volume":"68","author":"Pidcock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R15-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1039","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2758","article-title":"Spectrum of pediatric neuromyelitis optica","volume":"122","author":"Lotze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R16-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000314832.24682.c6","article-title":"CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in children","volume":"71","author":"McKeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R17-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000284600.80782.d5","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica-IgG in childhood inflammatory demyelinating CNS disorders","volume":"70","author":"Banwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R18-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.5.1107","article-title":"The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome)","volume":"53","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R19-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","article-title":"New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols","volume":"13","author":"Poser","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R20-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.7.1006","article-title":"Early onset multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study","volume":"59","author":"Boiko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R21-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067597","article-title":"Natural history of multiple sclerosis with childhood onset","volume":"356","author":"Renoux","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R22-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0655","article-title":"Prognostic factors for early severity in a childhood multiple sclerosis cohort","volume":"118","author":"Mikaeloff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R23-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000312276.23177.fa","article-title":"Cognitive and psychosocial features of childhood and juvenile MS","volume":"70","author":"Amato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R24-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000144352.67102.BC","article-title":"CSF characteristics in early-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Pohl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"16 Suppl 2","key":"R25-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259406.09052.75","article-title":"MRI features of pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R26-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000338629.01627.54","article-title":"MRI in the diagnosis of pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Callen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R27-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000338630.20412.45","article-title":"Role of MRI in the differentiation of ADEM from MS in children","volume":"72","author":"Callen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R28-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R29-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh218","article-title":"MRI prognostic factors for relapse after acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood","volume":"127","author":"Mikaeloff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"16 Suppl 2","key":"R30-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259407.40023.ab","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric multiple sclerosis and variants","volume":"68","author":"Pohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R31-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.1173","article-title":"Intravenous gammaglobulin therapy in recurrent acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"46","author":"Hahn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R32-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000231137.24467.aa","article-title":"Interferon beta-1a treatment in childhood and juvenile-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Tenembaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R33-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-004-0346-9","article-title":"Italian studies on early-onset multiple sclerosis: the present and the future","volume":"25","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R34-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000198257.52512.1a","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of interferon beta-1b in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Banwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R35-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41274","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate treatment in patients with childhood and juvenile onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Kornek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"R36-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3280f31b45","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an acute hit against the brain","volume":"20","author":"Menge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R37-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.4.463","article-title":"Exposure to infant siblings during early life and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"293","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R38-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70196-5","article-title":"Clinical features and viral serologies in children with multiple sclerosis: a multinational observational study","volume":"6","author":"Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R39-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326576.91097.87","article-title":"Broadened and elevated humoral immune response to EBNA1 in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Lunemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R40-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.15.1875","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"291","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R41-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247665.94088.8d","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus in children with multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Pohl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R42-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082069","article-title":"Common infectious agents in multiple sclerosis: a case\u2013control study in children","volume":"14","author":"Krone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R43-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl368","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of relapse after a first childhood episode of CNS inflammatory demyelination","volume":"130","author":"Mikaeloff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R44-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318149dfea","article-title":"Human papilloma virus immunization in adolescent and young adults: a cohort study to illustrate what events might be mistaken for adverse reactions","volume":"26","author":"Siegrist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R45-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096868","article-title":"CNS demyelination and quadrivalent HPV vaccination","volume":"15","author":"Sutton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R46-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0395-5","article-title":"Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the arctic circle","volume":"254","author":"Kampman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R47-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1191\/135248506ms1282oa","article-title":"Myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein T-cell repertoire in childhood and juvenile multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Correale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R48-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21244","article-title":"Abnormal T-cell reactivities in childhood inflammatory demyelinating disease and type 1 diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Banwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R49-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21311","article-title":"Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Breij","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R50-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081241","article-title":"Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2","volume":"205","author":"Hinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R51-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1488","article-title":"Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein","volume":"13","author":"O'Connor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R52-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1250","article-title":"Poststreptococcal acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with basal ganglia involvement and auto-reactive antibasal ganglia antibodies","volume":"50","author":"Dale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R53-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-41281","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and oligoclonal IgG synthesis in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"34","author":"Dale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"R54-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.03.020","article-title":"CSF cytokine and chemokine profiles in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"175","author":"Ishizu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R55-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.05.006","article-title":"Soluble adhesion molecules in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"33","author":"Martino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"R56-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60955-1","article-title":"Juvenile dermatomyositis and other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of childhood","volume":"371","author":"Feldman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R57-8-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307079567","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in children: current and emerging therapies","volume":"16","author":"Macdermott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lupus"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32832b4c47","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:52:15Z","timestamp":1786038735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00019052-200906000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wco.0b013e32832b4c47","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-7540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-7540","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}