{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:27:07Z","timestamp":1792153627335,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0b013e32832b4c8d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,21]],"date-time":"2009-05-21T07:26:53Z","timestamp":1242890813000},"page":"201-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Epstein\u2013Barr virus and multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Salvetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Giovannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Aloisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70042-5","article-title":"Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Ebers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R2-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.503","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis is linked to Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Haahr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"R3-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/35095584","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus: exploiting the immune system","volume":"1","author":"Thorley-Lawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R4-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21117","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection","volume":"61","author":"Ascherio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R5-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247665.94088.8d","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus in children with multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Pohl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R6-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70196-5","article-title":"Clinical features and viral serologies in children with multiple sclerosis: a multinational observational study","volume":"6","author":"Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R7-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000326576.91097.87","article-title":"Broadened and elevated humoral immune response to EBNA1 in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"L\u00fcnemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R8-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523661","article-title":"Identification of Epstein\u2013Barr virus proteins as putative targets of the immune response in multiple sclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Cepok","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R9-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl067","article-title":"Increased frequency and broadened specificity of latent EBV nuclear antigen-1-specific T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"L\u00fcnemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R10-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn108","article-title":"Strong EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in patients with early multiple sclerosis","volume":"131","author":"Jilek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R11-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072397","article-title":"EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-gamma and IL-2","volume":"205","author":"L\u00fcnemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R12-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90348-8","article-title":"Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein","volume":"80","author":"Wucherpfennig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R14-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1241","article-title":"T cells and viral persistence: lessons from diverse infections","volume":"6","author":"Klenerman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"R15-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70192-3","article-title":"B cells and multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Franciotta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R16-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071030","article-title":"Dysregulated Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain","volume":"204","author":"Serafini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R17-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508097920","article-title":"Quantitative PCR for Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA and RNA in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Lindsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R18-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141553","article-title":"Cellular responses to viral infection in humans: lessons from Epstein\u2013Barr virus","volume":"25","author":"Hislop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R19-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.3.393","article-title":"Clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction","volume":"192","author":"Babbe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R20-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm214","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: T-cell receptor expression in distinct brain regions","volume":"130","author":"Junker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R21-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.03.001","article-title":"Relapses in multiple sclerosis are associated with increased CD8+ T-cell mediated cytotoxicity in CSF","volume":"196","author":"Malmestr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R22-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1670","article-title":"Extralymphatic virus sanctuaries as a consequence of potent T-cell activation","volume":"13","author":"Recher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R23-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.133520","article-title":"Bone-marrow transplantation fails to halt intrathecal lymphocyte activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Mondria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R24-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.048504","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Buljevac","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R25-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.2.178","article-title":"Association between clinical disease activity and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in MS","volume":"55","author":"Wandinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R26-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.02009.x","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus reactivation and multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Torkildsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R27-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.157305","article-title":"The onset location of multiple sclerosis predicts the location of subsequent relapses","volume":"80","author":"Mowry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R28-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1982.tb00169.x","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus in normal pregnant women","volume":"2","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"R29-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03555.x","article-title":"Immunoregulatory factors in multiple sclerosis patients during and after pregnancy: relevance of natural killer cells","volume":"151","author":"Airas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"R30-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2395","article-title":"The genetics of multiple sclerosis: SNPs to pathways to pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Oksenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"R31-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32377","article-title":"HLA class I polymorphisms are associated with development of infectious mononucleosis upon primary EBV infection","volume":"117","author":"McAulay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R32-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082600","article-title":"The association of multiple sclerosis and Hodgkin's disease: the role of Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Habek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R33-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073493","article-title":"Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study.","volume":"357","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R34-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2103","article-title":"Interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) shows allelic and functional association with multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Gregory","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R35-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2106","article-title":"Variation in interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) influences risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Lundmark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R36-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2008.35","article-title":"Variations of the perforin gene in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Cappellano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"R37-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506071470","article-title":"Correlations between Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels and risk factors for multiple sclerosis in healthy individuals","volume":"13","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R38-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508092353","article-title":"EBNA-1 reactivity and HLA DRB1*1501 as statistically independent risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a case\u2013control study","volume":"14","author":"Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R39-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000294325.63006.f8","article-title":"Integrating risk factors: HLA-DRB1*1501 and Epstein\u2013Barr virus in multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"De Jager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R40-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508100037","article-title":"Effects of infectious mononucleosis and HLA-DRB1*15 in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R41-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"354","author":"Polman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R42-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802670","article-title":"223 Trial Investigators, Coles AJ, Compston DA, Selmaj KW, et al. Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis.","volume":"359","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R43-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000338569.32367.3d","article-title":"Oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis: two-year results of a phase II extension study","volume":"72","author":"O'Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R44-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R45-3-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02698031","article-title":"The management of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder","volume":"24","author":"Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Oncol"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32832b4c8d","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:52:14Z","timestamp":1786038734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00019052-200906000-00003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wco.0b013e32832b4c8d","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-7540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-7540","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}