{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:54:35Z","timestamp":1793404475322,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/wco.0b013e32832dc169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,6]],"date-time":"2009-07-06T03:32:10Z","timestamp":1246851130000},"page":"430-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":331,"title":["Psychogenic movement disorders"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Amitabh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2006.18.4.562","article-title":"Psychogenic movement disorder masquerading as CJD","volume":"18","author":"Valadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R2-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20078","article-title":"Mistaken diagnosis of psychogenic gait disorder in a man with status cataplecticus (\u2018limp man syndrome\u2019)","volume":"19","author":"Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R3-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5447.1395","article-title":"Diagnosis of \u2018hysteria\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Slater","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"R5-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0408","article-title":"Diagnosing psychogenic movement disorders: which criteria should be used in clinical practice?","volume":"3","author":"Voon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"key":"R6-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70523-3","article-title":"Psychogenic movement disorders","volume":"5","author":"Hinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R7-15-20210206","first-page":"891","article-title":"Psychogenic movement disorders","author":"Sa","year":"2004"},{"key":"R8-15-20210206","first-page":"397","article-title":"Psychogenic movement disorders","author":"Pringsheim","year":"2005"},{"key":"R9-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267431.16316.69","article-title":"Isolated diaphragmatic tremor: is there a spectrum in \u2018respiratory myoclonus\u2019?","volume":"69","author":"Espay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R10-15-20210206","first-page":"231","article-title":"Phenomenology and psychopathology related to psychogenic movement disorders","author":"Williams","year":"1994"},{"key":"R11-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000170241.86819.19","article-title":"Psychogenic movement disorders","volume":"18","author":"Schrag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R12-15-20210206","first-page":"431","article-title":"Psychogenic dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Fahn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"R13-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318183fdd8","article-title":"Molecular imaging studies in Parkinson disease: reducing diagnostic uncertainty","volume":"15","author":"Felicio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"R14-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21505","article-title":"Role of DAT-SPECT in the diagnostic work up of Parkinsonism","volume":"22","author":"Scherfler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R15-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21062","article-title":"123I-Ioflupane SPECT in the diagnosis of suspected psychogenic Parkinsonism","volume":"21","author":"Gaig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R16-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.8.1224","article-title":"(123I) \u03b2-CIT and single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging vs clinical evaluation in Parkinsonian syndrome: unmasking an early diagnosis","volume":"61","author":"Jennings","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R17-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31815b6c14","article-title":"fMRI in patients with motor conversion symptoms and controls with simulated weakness","volume":"69","author":"Stone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R18-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000247275.68402.fc","article-title":"Unexplained neurologic symptoms: an fMRI study of sensory conversion disorder","volume":"67","author":"Ghaffar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R19-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0348-z","article-title":"Psychogenic tremor and related disorders","volume":"254","author":"Bhatia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R20-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.025","article-title":"What is the Bereitschaftspotential?","volume":"117","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R21-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21451","article-title":"Abnormal affective startle modulation in individuals with psychogenical movement disorder","volume":"22","author":"Seignourel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R22-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21994","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of motor conversion disorder","volume":"23","author":"Liepert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R23-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20927","article-title":"Electromyography patterns of propriospinal myoclonus can be mimicked voluntarily","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R24-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22072","article-title":"Psychogenic propriospinal myoclonus","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R25-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20837","article-title":"Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia","volume":"59","author":"Espay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R26-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21801","article-title":"Cortical excitability is abnormal in patients with the \u2018fixed dystonia\u2019 syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Avanzino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R27-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.03.015","article-title":"Bilateral impairment of intracortical inhibition in delayed-onset posthemiplegic dystonia: pathophysiological implications","volume":"117","author":"Trompetto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"R28-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10628","article-title":"Gestes antagonistes in psychogenic dystonia","volume":"19","author":"Munhoz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R29-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808318060","article-title":"Dystonia with secondary contractures: a psychogenic movement disorder mimicking its neurological counterpart","volume":"23","author":"Ziegler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R30-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh262","article-title":"The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients","volume":"127","author":"Schrag","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R31-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200002)23:2<198::AID-MUS9>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Abnormal movements in complex regional pain syndrome: assessment of their nature","volume":"23","author":"Verdugo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R32-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(08)70037-3","article-title":"Peripheral trauma and movement disorders","volume":"13","author":"vanHilten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R33-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21910","article-title":"Clinical and neurophysiological characterization of myoclonus in complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Munts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R34-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22355","article-title":"Myoclonus in complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R35-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.084780","article-title":"A case of a psychogenic \u2018jumpy stump\u2019","volume":"77","author":"Zadikoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R36-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310429.30886.bc","article-title":"Psychogenic tremor occurring after deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor","volume":"70","author":"McKeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R37-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh684","article-title":"The \u2018essentials\u2019 of essential palatal tremor: a reappraisal of the nosology","volume":"129","author":"Zadikoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R38-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21776","article-title":"The spectrum of orolingual tremor: a proposed classification system","volume":"23","author":"Silverdale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R39-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20731","article-title":"Psychogenic palatal tremor","volume":"21","author":"Pirio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R40-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21928","article-title":"Drug-induced and psychogenic resting suprahyoid neck and tongue tremors","volume":"23","author":"Baik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R41-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.06.008","article-title":"Distinguishing psychogenic and essential tremor","volume":"263","author":"Kenney","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R42-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21670","article-title":"Dual task interference in psychogenic tremor","volume":"22","author":"Kumru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R43-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22301","article-title":"Psychogenic tremor: long term prognosis in patients with electrophysiologically-confirmed disease","volume":"24","author":"McKeon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R44-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900013535","article-title":"Psychogenic tremor: long-term outcome","volume":"11","author":"Jankovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"R45-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21708","article-title":"Psychogenic camptocormia","volume":"22","author":"Skidmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R46-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nrl.0000256358.52613.cc","article-title":"The \u2018chair test\u2019 to aid in the diagnosis of psychogenic gait disorders","volume":"13","author":"Okun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"R47-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21283","article-title":"Gait abnormalities in psychogenic movement disorders","volume":"22","author":"Baik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R48-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22220","article-title":"Psychogenic movement disorders in children","volume":"23","author":"Ferrara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R49-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22280","article-title":"Pychogenic movement disorders in children: a report of 15 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Schwingenschuh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Movement Disord"},{"key":"R50-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.10.006","article-title":"Single-blind clinical trial of psychotherapy for treatment of psychogenic movement disorders","volume":"12","author":"Hinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"R51-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0290-5","article-title":"Hysterical paralysis","volume":"27","author":"Atan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"R52-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000260571.77487.14","article-title":"Physical therapy management for conversion disorder: case series","volume":"31","author":"Ness","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"R53-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1206","article-title":"Antidepressant treatment outcomes of psychogenic movement disorder","volume":"66","author":"Voon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R54-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1159\/000049348","article-title":"A randomised controlled clinical trial on the additional effect of hypnosis in a comprehensive treatment programme for in-patients with conversion disorder of the motor type","volume":"71","author":"Moene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"R55-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21467","article-title":"Acupuncture for psychogenic movement disorders: treatment or diagnostic tool?","volume":"22","author":"Van Nuenen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"R56-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.154302","article-title":"Psychogenic aphonia: spectacular recovery after motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"80","author":"Chastan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R57-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.025","article-title":"Expectancy and treatment interactions: a dissociation between acupuncture analgesia and expectancy evoked placebo analgesia","volume":"45","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"R58-15-20210206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21687","article-title":"Impact of psychogenic movement disorders versus Parkinson's on disability, quality of life, and psychopathology","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Movement Disord"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32832dc169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:51:30Z","timestamp":1786038690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00019052-200908000-00015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/wco.0b013e32832dc169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-7540"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-7540","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}