{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:16:00Z","timestamp":1773285360063,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>While glaucoma is the most common cause of optic disc cupping, it can also be seen in a number of congenital and acquired optic neuropathies. It behooves both glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmic specialists to be able to differentiate glaucoma from neurological conditions, which give a similar ophthalmoscopic appearance to the optic disc.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Evidence Acquisition:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This review is a combination of the authors' clinical experience from tertiary glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmology referral centers, combined with a literature review using PubMed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Even for experienced observers, differentiation between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous cupping can be difficult. In the majority of cases, this distinction can be made following a careful clinical examination combined with a variety of imaging techniques. Possible mechanisms, which lead to changes in optic disc morphology, are reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Differentiating glaucomatous from nonglaucomatous optic disc cupping can be a formidable challenge for the clinician. Examination of the patient combined with imaging of the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc topography provides a basis to resolve this clinical conundrum.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/won.0000000000000080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,20]],"date-time":"2013-11-20T07:10:35Z","timestamp":1384931435000},"page":"377-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Optic Nerve Cupping and the Neuro-Ophthalmologist"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Clare L.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. 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