{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:03:59Z","timestamp":1790809439228,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The aim of our study was to determine the effect of topical almond oil for prevention of pressure injuries.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Single-blind randomized clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SAMPLE AND SETTING:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients admitted to an intensive care unit in Besat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, were invited to participate in the trial. Data were collected over an 8-month period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A convenience sample of 108 patients, using a permuted block randomization method was assigned to 3 equal groups that received the intervention almond oil, placebo (liquid paraffin), or control (standard of care). Data included demographic information, Braden Scale score, and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel\u2014European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP\u2014EPUAP) pressure injury staging system classification score. The intervention and placebo groups received daily application of 6.5 cc of topical almond oil or paraffin to the sacrum, heels, and shoulders for 7 consecutive days. The skin was evaluated for pressure injuries by an expert nurse who was blinded to groups. Chi-square test, analysis of variance, and regression analyses were used to evaluate relationships within and between groups for study variables, incidence of pressure injuries, and duration of time of onset of pressure injuries. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> values less than .05 were deemed statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The incidence of pressure injury in the almond oil group (n = 2; 5.6%) was lower than that in the placebo (n = 5; 13.9%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .189) or control groups (n = 9; 25.1%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .024). The incidence of pressure injuries in the control group was 6.8 and 2.12 (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .227) times higher than that in the almond and placebo groups, respectively. The onset day of a pressure injury occurred 5.4 days after initiation of the protocol in the almond oil group compared to 4.22 days in the control group (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .023) and 5 days in the placebo group (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .196).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The topical application of almond oil was associated with a lower incidence of pressure injuries and that developed later during the study compared to participants who received paraffin or standard of care only. Further study is recommended to advance this work in populations at risk for pressure injury.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/won.0000000000000648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T19:58:47Z","timestamp":1588967927000},"page":"336-342","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Topical Almond Oil for Prevention of Pressure Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Seyed Reza","family":"Borzou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheller","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azim","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leili","family":"Tapak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshid","family":"Rahimi Bashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Moradkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.12.002","article-title":"Pressure injuries in intensive care: what is new","volume":"45","author":"Llaurado-Serra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"R2-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.03.009","article-title":"Pressure ulcers in ICU patients: Incidence and clinical and epidemiological features: a multicenter study in southern Brazil","volume":"42","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R3-20230928","first-page":"1","article-title":"Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention","volume":"4","author":"McInnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"R4-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14091","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers in an intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"R6-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302004000200036","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological assessment of pressure ulcers in patients admitted to Sao Paulo Hospital","volume":"50","author":"Blanes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Assoc M\u00e9dica Bras"},{"issue":"9","key":"R7-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20150628","article-title":"The effect of topical olive oil on prevention of bedsore in intensive care units patients","volume":"3","author":"Madadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-1-201307020-00006","article-title":"Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: comparative effectiveness","volume":"159","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R9-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2017.09.007","article-title":"Predictors of pressure ulcer risk in adult intensive care patients: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"45","author":"de Almeida Medeiros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Crit Care Nurs"},{"key":"R10-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2592","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2592","article-title":"Prevention and management of pressure ulcers in primary and secondary care: summary of NICE guidance","volume":"348","author":"Stansby","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"R11-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-348","article-title":"Effectiveness of olive oil for the prevention of pressure ulcers caused in immobilized patients within the scope of primary health care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Lupi\u00e1\u00f1ez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"R12-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0122238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122238","article-title":"Topical olive oil is not inferior to hyperoxygenated fatty acids to prevent pressure ulcers in high-risk immobilised patients in home care: results of a multicentre randomised triple-blind controlled non-inferiority trial","volume":"10","author":"Lupia\u00f1ez-Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"R13-20230928","first-page":"54","article-title":"The effect of local olive oil on prevention of pressure ulcers in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Yasuj: a double-blind randomized clinical trial [in Persian]","volume":"7","author":"Salehian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Pain"},{"key":"R14-20230928","first-page":"20","article-title":"Use of olive oil in prevention of bedsores in intensive care unit","volume":"17","author":"Bajwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"70","key":"R15-20230928","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"38","key":"R16-20230928","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of topical olive oil on the healing of foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized clinical trial study in Iran","volume":"14","author":"Nasiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"R17-20230928","first-page":"71","article-title":"Effect of coconut oil usage in risk of pressure ulcers among bedridden patients of selected hospitals in North India","volume":"1","author":"Dhikhil","year":"2014","journal-title":"IP Planet"},{"key":"R18-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.05.001","article-title":"Olive oil and its principal bioactive compound: hydroxytyrosol\u2014a review of the recent literature","volume":"77","author":"Wani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R19-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2010.10.027","article-title":"Characteristics of some almond kernel and oils","volume":"127","author":"\u00d6zcan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Horticulturae"},{"issue":"4","key":"R20-20230928","first-page":"430","article-title":"Formulation and in vitro evaluation of a cosmetic emulsion from almond oil","volume":"21","author":"Akhtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"96","key":"R21-20230928","first-page":"155","article-title":"Pressure injury on the face of patients undergoing noninvasive ventilation, hospitalized in the intensive care unit","volume":"23","author":"Viveiros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R22-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2009.06.015","article-title":"The uses and properties of almond oil","volume":"16","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"R23-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2012.04087.x","article-title":"The effect of bitter almond oil and massaging on striae gravidarum in primiparous women","volume":"21","author":"Timur Ta\u015fhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"R24-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.005","article-title":"Pressure ulcer risk assessment in critical care: interrater reliability and validity studies of the Braden and Waterlow scales and subjective ratings in two intensive care units","volume":"47","author":"Kottner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"R26-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2014.994743","article-title":"Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is rather a reliable and valid instrument to assess nutritional status in Iranian healthy adults and elderly with a chronic disease","volume":"54","author":"Ghazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol Food Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"R27-20230928","first-page":"8","article-title":"Predictive value of Braden Scale in pressure ulcer occurrence in hospitalized patients [in Persian]","volume":"23","author":"Amirifar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Holist Nurs Midwifery"},{"issue":"4","key":"R28-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.21859\/jgn.2.4.49","article-title":"Nutritional status and associated factors in elderly hospitalized in cardiac care unit [in Persian]","volume":"2","author":"Payvar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Geriatr Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"R30-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.05034.x","article-title":"Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation","volume":"147","author":"Koh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"R31-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318224c809","article-title":"Improving the quality of pressure ulcer care with prevention: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"50","author":"Pham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"R33-20230928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.003","article-title":"Predictors of superficial and severe hospital-acquired pressure injuries: a cross-sectional study using the international pressure ulcer prevalence\u2122 survey","volume":"89","author":"Kayser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"10","key":"R34-20230928","first-page":"888","article-title":"Common questions about pressure ulcers","volume":"92","author":"Raetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wound, Ostomy &amp; Continence Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/WON.0000000000000648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T01:08:54Z","timestamp":1695863334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1097\/WON.0000000000000648"}},"subtitle":["A Single-Blinded Comparison Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/won.0000000000000648","relation":{},"ISSN":["1071-5754"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1071-5754","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]}}}