{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:58:59Z","timestamp":1790855939840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze methods of bowel emptying among Germans living with spina bifida. We also analyzed relationships between age, sex, level of spinal bifida anomaly, and methods of bowel elimination.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A quantitative, descriptive study.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>SUBJECTS AND SETTING:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The sample comprised 88 persons (56 women and 32 men) residing anywhere in the Federal Republic of Germany. Their mean age was 17.5 years (SD 13.64 years), range 0 to 55 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Data were collected through an online survey questionnaire developed for the urological follow-up protocol for patients with spina bifida. Parents completed the questionnaire for participants younger than 18 years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twenty participants (22.7%) reported normal defecation and 68 (77.3%) reported neurogenic bowel dysfunction requiring regular bowel management. Participants requiring bowel management predominately used rectal irrigation (40.9%) and digital rectal stimulation (27.3%) to enhance bowel evacuation. Age emerged as the only factor related to the bowel management techniques. Younger participants (\u226420 years) were more likely to use rectal irrigation for bowel evacuation (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .001, Fisher's exact test), whereas older respondents (\u226521 years) were more likely to use digital rectal stimulation (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .015, Fisher's exact test). Analysis revealed no differences in methods of bowel evacuation based on sex or level of spina bifida anomaly (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Rectal irrigation was the most common method for bowel evacuation. Participants were less likely to employ potentially effective and more conservative measures for intestinal emptying, such as toilet training\/timed evacuation associated with Valsalva maneuvers, abdominal press, abdominal massage, and digital rectal stimulation. Additional comparative studies with more participants and other countries with intestinal emptying methods are needed to better understand the needs of individuals with spina bifida and their families and to improve the health-related quality of life of these people.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/won.0000000000000741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T20:46:25Z","timestamp":1614372385000},"page":"149-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bowel Emptying Methods Used by German Residents Living With Spina Bifida"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Faleiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilka Marques","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Bimbatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"K\u00e4ppler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1-20250806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-2950\/17006325022018","article-title":"Functional independence of one- to four-year-old children with myelomeningocele","volume":"25","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fisioter Pesqui"},{"issue":"3","key":"R2-20250806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.234","article-title":"Long-term outcome of transanal irrigation for children with spina 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