{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:38:39Z","timestamp":1767991119710,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anesthesiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane are widely used in clinical and research contexts. Concerns have been raised that the effects of these drugs on the central nervous system may result in long-term impairment after surgery or general anesthesia. Hence, this study aimed to detect how different isoflurane concentrations influence spatial learning and cell death in adult mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Fifty-two C57BL\/6 mice were randomly divided in four groups. Mice in three groups were exposed to different concentrations of isoflurane (1, 1.5, and 2%) for 1 h; the control group was not exposed to anesthesia. Five mice per group were killed 3 h after anesthesia to perform histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses (hematoxylin-eosin staining; caspase-3 activation). Eight mice per group were used for behavioral tests (open field, T-maze spontaneous alternation, and water maze) on subsequent days.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were no differences between groups in the T-maze spontaneous alternation test or in the open field (no confounding effects of stress or locomotion). The group anesthetized with 1% isoflurane performed worse in the water maze task on day 1 (550.4 \u00b1162.78 cm) compared with the control group (400.1 \u00b1 112.88 cm), 1.5% isoflurane (351.9 \u00b1 150.67 cm), and 2% isoflurane (364.5 \u00b1 113.70 cm; P \u2264 0.05) and on day 3 (305.0 \u00b1 81.75 cm) compared with control group (175.13 \u00b1 77.00 cm) and 2% isoflurane (204.11 \u00b1 85.75 cm; P \u2264 0.038). In the pyramidal cell layer of the region cornu ammonis 1 of the hippocampus, 1% isoflurane showed a tendency to cause more neurodegeneration (apoptosis) (61.4 \u00b1 26.40, profiles\/mm) than the group with 2% of isoflurane (20.6 \u00b1 17.77, profiles\/mm; P = 0.051).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Low isoflurane concentration (1%) caused spatial learning impairment and more neurodegeneration compared with higher isoflurane concentrations. Results for mice receiving the latter concentrations were similar to those of control mice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0b013e3181f79c7c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,30]],"date-time":"2010-09-30T10:51:46Z","timestamp":1285843906000},"page":"1099-1108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Lower Isoflurane Concentration Affects Spatial Learning and Neurodegeneration in Adult Mice Compared with Higher Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Valentim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal, Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancias Animais e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto."}]},{"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Di Giminiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, University of Link\u00f6ping, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden."}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia O.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancias Animais e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto."}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor."}]},{"given":"I. Anna S.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Researcher, Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto."}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds M.","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancias Animais e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto."}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-23-20250520"},{"key":"R2-23-20250520"},{"key":"R3-23-20250520"},{"key":"R4-23-20250520"},{"key":"R5-23-20250520"},{"key":"R6-23-20250520"},{"key":"R7-23-20250520"},{"key":"R8-23-20250520"},{"key":"R9-23-20250520"},{"key":"R10-23-20250520"},{"key":"R11-23-20250520"},{"key":"R12-23-20250520"},{"key":"R13-23-20250520"},{"key":"R14-23-20250520"},{"key":"R15-23-20250520"},{"key":"R16-23-20250520"},{"key":"R17-23-20250520"},{"key":"R18-23-20250520"},{"key":"R19-23-20250520"},{"key":"R20-23-20250520"},{"key":"R21-23-20250520"},{"key":"R22-23-20250520"},{"key":"R23-23-20250520"},{"key":"R25-23-20250520"},{"key":"R26-23-20250520"},{"key":"R27-23-20250520"},{"key":"R28-23-20250520"},{"key":"R29-23-20250520"},{"key":"R30-23-20250520"},{"key":"R31-23-20250520"},{"key":"R32-23-20250520"},{"key":"R33-23-20250520"},{"key":"R34-23-20250520"},{"key":"R35-23-20250520"},{"key":"R36-23-20250520"},{"key":"R37-23-20250520"},{"key":"R38-23-20250520"},{"key":"R39-23-20250520"},{"key":"R40-23-20250520"},{"key":"R41-23-20250520"},{"key":"R42-23-20250520"},{"key":"R43-23-20250520"},{"key":"R44-23-20250520"},{"key":"R45-23-20250520"},{"key":"R46-23-20250520"},{"key":"R47-23-20250520"},{"key":"R48-23-20250520"},{"key":"R49-23-20250520"},{"key":"R50-23-20250520"},{"key":"R51-23-20250520"},{"key":"R52-23-20250520"},{"key":"R53-23-20250520"},{"key":"R54-23-20250520"}],"container-title":["Anesthesiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pubs.asahq.org\/anesthesiology\/article-pdf\/113\/5\/1099\/251984\/0000542-201011000-00023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000542-201011000-00021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T10:51:29Z","timestamp":1747738289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00000542-201011000-00021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aln.0b013e3181f79c7c","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3022","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,1]]}}}