{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:17:56Z","timestamp":1775283476345,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Harv Rev Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Learning objectives<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 Assess differences between adult patients with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and healthy control subjects in terms of empathy and related processes<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>\u2022 Evaluate the effects of empathy or related processes as factors contributing to abnormal social functioning in BPD<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We reviewed 45 original research studies, published between 2000 and 2019, to assess differences between adult patients with the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and healthy control subjects in terms of empathy and related processes (i.e., theory of mind, mentalizing, social cognition, and emotional intelligence). Thirty-six studies reported deficits of empathy or related processes in patients with BPD. Enhanced emotional empathy in BPD was also reported in eight studies, all of which revealed that patients had increased scores of personal distress on the <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Interpersonal Reactivity Index<\/jats:italic> self-report questionnaire. Six studies did not find significant differences between patients with BPD and healthy control subjects in terms of empathy or related processes. No study reported enhanced cognitive empathy, social cognition, or emotional intelligence in patients with BPD. We postulate that deficits of empathy or related processes contribute to preempting the formation of stable interpersonal relationships, whereas enhanced emotional empathy might lead to personal (and interpersonal) distress, further contributing to abnormal social functioning in BPD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/hrp.0000000000000260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T13:01:48Z","timestamp":1594213308000},"page":"238-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Dysfunction of Empathy and Related Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Rui M.","family":"Salgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J.","family":"Bastos-Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"bib2-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16770-6","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder","volume":"364","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib3-20230816","article-title":"Epidemiology of suicide and the psychiatric perspective","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"bib4-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07071125","article-title":"Disturbed relationships as a phenotype for borderline personality disorder","volume":"164","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib5-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.06.004","article-title":"Responding to the emotions of others: dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations","volume":"14","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn"},{"key":"bib6-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000503","article-title":"From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: a social developmental neuroscience account","volume":"20","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"bib7-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X02000018","article-title":"Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases","volume":"25","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"bib8-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.72","article-title":"Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"bib9-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3875.86","article-title":"Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion","volume":"164","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib10-20230816","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113","article-title":"Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach","volume":"44","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"bib11-20230816","first-page":"33","article-title":"The \u2018shared manifold\u2019 hypothesis. 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