{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T16:06:10Z","timestamp":1774195570023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>According to studies performed on terrestrial sports athletes, inspiratory muscle training (IMT) may improve athletes\u2019 performance. However, evidence of its effects in elite swimmers is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of 12-week IMT on swimming performance, inspiratory muscle strength, lung function, and perceived breathlessness in elite swimmers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Elite swimmers from the main FC Porto swimming team (in competitive training for a minimum period of 3 years) were invited to participate and were randomly allocated into intervention or control groups. The intervention group performed 30 inspiratory efforts, twice a day, 5 times a week, against a pressure threshold load equivalent to 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure, whereas the control group performed inspiratory efforts at the same frequency but against a 15% load. Swimming performance was assessed through time trials, converted into points according to International Swimming Federation Points Table. Outcomes were evaluated before and following the 12-week study period.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 32 participants (22 girls) were included. The median age was 15 and 14 years old for the intervention (n\u200a=\u200a17) and control (n\u200a=\u200a12) groups, respectively. No differences were found in swimming performance <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">(P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.271), inspiratory muscle strength (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.914), forced vital capacity (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.262), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.265), peak expiratory flow (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.270), and perceived breathlessness (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a.568) between groups after 12 weeks of intervention.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twelve weeks of IMT had no effect on swimming performance, lung function, and perceived breathlessness in elite swimmers. These results may be related to swimming-specific factors and\/or an applied load insufficient to achieve training overload that could induce further improvements.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T16:03:53Z","timestamp":1572019433000},"page":"e49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The effect of inspiratory muscle training on swimming performance, inspiratory muscle strength, lung function, and perceived breathlessness in elite swimmers: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Marisa","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Paci\u00eancia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rodolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, EPE, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Leonor","family":"Carneiro-Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, EPE, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Rama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, EPE, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rufo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, 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