{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:32:09Z","timestamp":1777415529274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has emerged as a worldwide health hazard of the modern lifestyle, representing a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, central retinal artery occlusion, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and dry eye syndrome have been linked with many of MetS components. Their relationship with MetS itself is, however, a recent topic of investigation. This review aims to gather published evidence supporting associations between ocular findings and MetS and to explore the related physiopathological processes that congregate in this syndrome and lead to these diseases. Despite compiling interesting and compelling evidence, it raises awareness to the need of further studies in this field to keep solidifying these associations and unveiling the pathological processes that support them. It ultimately targets MetS patients as a population of individuals who are at increased risk of developing age-related eye diseases and vision loss.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T23:00:09Z","timestamp":1607036409000},"page":"104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ocular findings in metabolic syndrome: a review"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Lima-Fontes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20231106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"365","author":"Eckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"R2-20231106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.09.009","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Samson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am."},{"key":"R3-20231106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2020.23.3.189","article-title":"Novel insights into the pathogenesis and management of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr."},{"key":"R4-20231106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00469.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome in the USA","volume":"12","author":"McCullough","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dig Dis."},{"key":"R5-20231106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep."},{"key":"R6-20231106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4471-9","article-title":"The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Portugal: the PORMETS study","volume":"17","author":"Raposo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"R7-20231106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. 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