{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T08:28:08Z","timestamp":1759480088347},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The incidence of surgical site infection after craniotomy (SSI-CRAN) varies widely and is associated with major consequences. The aim of this study is to estimate the SSI-CRAN rate at the neurosurgery department of a tertiary center and to establish its risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All consecutive adult patients who underwent elective craniotomy for tumor resection at a tertiary center from January 2018 to October 2019 were retrospectively assessed. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data were collected. The main outcome of our study was the development of SSI within 30days postsurgery, as defined by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control guidelines. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to establish risk factors for SSI-CRAN.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From the 271 patients enrolled in this study, 15 (5.5%) developed SSI-CRAN within 30days postsurgery, 11 (73.3%) of which were organ-space. The most common causative microorganisms isolated were gram-positive cocci, particularly Staphylococcus <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">epidermidis<\/jats:italic> (n\u200a<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">=<\/jats:italic>\u200a4, 66.7%). In the univariate analysis, absence of normothermia and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak were associated with SSI-CRAN. In the multivariate analysis, normothermia was the only protective factor and CSF leak was the only independent risk factor for SSI-CRAN.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The cumulative incidence of SSI-CRAN within 30days postsurgery was 5.5%. CSF leak and the absence of normothermia were the only independent risk factors for SSI-CRAN. The data provided in this study should be considered in the design of preventive strategies aimed to reduce the incidence of SSI.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T04:19:36Z","timestamp":1652933976000},"page":"e152","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nonemergent craniotomy surgical site infection: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bruno Barbosa","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto"}]},{"given":"Raquel Duro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Prevention and Control Unit, Epidemiology Centre, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"},{"name":"Neurosciences Centre, CUF Hospital"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"}]},{"given":"Nuno Rocha","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Prevention and Control Unit, Epidemiology Centre, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal."}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0525-3","article-title":"Risk factors for surgical site infection after craniotomy: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control."},{"key":"R2-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.06.009","article-title":"Risk factors of neurosurgical site infection after craniotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"R3-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2016.1253827","article-title":"Post-craniotomy intracranial infection in patients with brain tumors: a retrospective analysis of 5723 consecutive patients","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg."},{"key":"R7-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2018.08.001","article-title":"Incidence of surgical site infection after craniotomy: comparison between three months and twelve months of epidemiological surveillance","volume":"22","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis."},{"key":"R8-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2016.1253827","article-title":"Post-craniotomy intracranial infection in patients with brain tumors: a retrospective analysis of 5723 consecutive patients","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg."},{"key":"R9-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E577","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000342788.69568.3D","article-title":"Surgical site infections after elective neurosurgery. A survey of 1747 patients","volume":"64","author":"Valentini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"R10-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.102","article-title":"Predictors of surgical site infection after nonemergent craniotomy: a nationwide readmission database analysis","volume":"120","author":"Buchanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"R11-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.9.JNS13843","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes associated with surgical site infections after craniotomy or craniectomy","volume":"120","author":"Chiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"R12-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690500145639","article-title":"Risk factors for neurosurgical site infections after craniotomy: a critical reappraisal of antibiotic prophylaxis on 4578 patients","volume":"19","author":"Korinek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg."},{"key":"R13-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.07.093","article-title":"When the infection hits the wound: matched case-control study in a neurosurgical patient collective including systematic literature review and risk factors analysis","volume":"95","author":"Schipmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"R14-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5631","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of perioperative systemic warming in major elective abdominal surgery","volume":"94","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJS Br J Surg."},{"key":"R15-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0904","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline for the prevention of surgical site infection","volume":"152","author":"Berr\u00edos-Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"R16-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(99)70088-X","article-title":"Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. 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hospitals: 2014 update","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"R20-20241001","first-page":"1706","article-title":"Surgical Infection Prevention Guidelines Writers Workgroup, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association of Critical Care Nurses, American Association of Nurse Anesthetists, American College of Surgeons, American College of Osteopathic Surgeons, American Geriatrics Society, American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, Ascension Health, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Letter, Premier, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Surgical Infection SocietyAntimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an 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