{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1773311239465,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The cardiovascular response to exercise has long been a focus of interest. Over a century ago, the first descriptions of electrocardiographic changes occurring during exercise highlighted the possible relevance of this dynamic assessment. In this background, the inception of the Bruce protocol circa 60 years ago allowed for a major leap in this field by providing a standardized framework with which to address this issue, by means of an integrated and structured methodology. Since then, exercise stress testing with electrocardiographic monitoring (ExECG) has become one of the most widely appraised tests in cardiovascular medicine. Notably, past few decades have been profoundly marked by substantial advances in the approach to cardiovascular disease, challenging prior notions concerning both its physiopathology and overall management. Among these, the ever-evolving presentations of cardiovascular disease coupled with the development and implementation of several novel diagnostic modalities (both invasive and noninvasive) has led to a shifting paradigm in the application of ExECG. This technique, however, has continuously shown to be of added value across various momentums of the cardiovascular continuum, as depicted in several contemporary guidelines. This review provides a pragmatical reflexion on the development of ExECG, presenting a comprehensive overview concerning the current role of this modality, its challenges, and its future perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T15:15:29Z","timestamp":1697555729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sixty years of the Bruce protocol: reappraising the contemporary role of exercise stress testing with electrocardiographic monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Eduardo M.","family":"Vilela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Minho University, Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center (UniC@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Primo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Madalena","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center (UniC@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Viamonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Rehabilitation Centre, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fontes-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Center (UniC@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001123","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"147","author":"Tsao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R2-20241001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32007-0","article-title":"Variations in common diseases, hospital admissions, and deaths in middle-aged adults in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort 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