{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T02:41:11Z","timestamp":1769654471433,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The Control Attitudes Scale-Revised (CAS-R) is widely used to explore cardiac patients\u2019 beliefs about their ability to manage illness. The CAS-R\u2019s construct validity may be questionable in different cultural contexts. Conclusions\/applications based on inaccurate construct validity can be misleading and incorrect.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n In this study, we aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the CAS-R.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Within a cross-sectional design involving 180 Omani patients with heart failure (mean age = 70.3\u2009\u00b1\u20099.8 years, 51.7% females), exploratory\/confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multigroup CFA were used to evaluate the construct validity and measurement invariance of the CAS-R across gender and marital groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n In exploratory factor analysis, 2 factors with eigenvalues >1 explained 37.9% of the variance. Despite the poor fit of the unidimensional CAS-R, CFA revealed an excellent fit of a 2-factor structure. Negative (5 and 8) and cross-loading items (1) contributed to scale variance at the configural level. Eliminating negative items and item 6 improved model fit, reliability (Cronbach\u2019s\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.66 vs. 0.56), and invariance at all levels. In support of its convergent and criterion validity, the CAS-R 5 correlated with the CAS-R and depression (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.953, \u22120.268;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n values <.01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Negative items comprised a minor weak factor (helplessness) that was not stable across groups. Eliminating items 5, 6, and 8 resulted in a clean invariant short form (CAS-R 5) with superior properties that may implicate nursing decisions and interventions concerning perceived control.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1097\/jcn.0000000000001294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T14:00:32Z","timestamp":1769608832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Arabic Control Attitudes Scale-Revised: Method Effect (Negatively Worded Items) and Measurement Invariance as Threats to Its Construct Validity Are Remedied in a 5-Item Version With Improved Performance"],"prefix":"10.1097","author":[{"given":"Amira Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Amira Mohammed Ali, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Smouha, Egypt."}]},{"given":"Saeed A.","family":"Al-Dossary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prof. Saeed A. Al-Dossary, Professor, Department of Psychology, College of Education, University of Ha\u2019il, Saudi Arabia."}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Alharrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Maryam Alharrasi, Associate Professor, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman."}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Laranjeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prof. Carlos Laranjeira, Professor, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic University of Leiria, Portugal; Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic University of Leiria, Portugal; and Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of \u00c9vora, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Ahmad Ayed, Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine."}]},{"given":"Heba Emad","family":"El-Gazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Heba Emad El-Gazar, Associate Professor, Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Egypt."}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ali","family":"Zoromba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Mohamed Ali Zoromba, Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; and Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Mansoura University, Egypt."}]},{"given":"Amal Diab Ghanem","family":"Atalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Amal Diab Ghanem Atalla, Assistant Professor, Nursing Administration Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt."}]},{"given":"Rasmieh","family":"Alamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rasmieh Alamer, Faculty of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan."}]},{"given":"Khalood","family":"Al-Abri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Khalood Al Abri, Associate Professor, Department of Community and Mental Health, College of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman."}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Subih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Maha Subih, Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan."}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Pakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Annamaria Pakai, Associate Professor, Institute of Nursing Sciences, Basic Health Sciences and Health Visiting, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, Hungary."}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1-20260128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000901","article-title":"Psychometric testing of the Control Attitudes Scale-Revised for patients with a left ventricular assist device.","volume":"38","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc 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